Combination of t-cell checkpoint inhibitors with inhibitors of e-selectin or cxcr4, or with heterobifunctional inhibitors of both e-selectin and cxcr4

ABSTRACT

Compositions and methods for the treatment of diseases, disorders, and/or conditions associated with the increased regulatory T lymphocyte cell (Treg cell) function, comprising the administration of T-cell checkpoint inhibitors in combination with E-selectin inhibitors, CXCR4 receptor inhibitors, and/or heterobifunctional inhibitors that comprise at least one E-selectin inhibitor linked to at least one CXCR4 receptor inhibitor, are disclosed.

This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application Nos.62/372,116, filed Aug. 8, 2016, 62/418,722, filed Nov. 7, 2016, and62/417,045, filed Nov. 3, 2016; the disclosures of which areincorporated herein by reference.

Compositions and methods for the treatment of diseases, disorders,and/or conditions associated with the increased regulatory T lymphocytecell (T₉ cell) function, comprising the administration of T-cellcheckpoint inhibitors in combination with E-selectin inhibitors, CXCR4receptor inhibitors, and/or heterobifunctional inhibitors which compriseat least one E-selectin inhibitor linked to at least one CXCR4 receptorinhibitor, are disclosed. One such disease, disorder, and/or conditionis cancer.

It is now understood that cancer tumors are not masses of solelymalignant cells, but instead comprise some malignant cells and somerecruited normal cell types. Liu et al., “Targeting Regulatory T Cellsin Tumors,” FEBS J. 283:2731-48, at 2731 (2016). The malignant cells andnormal cells both play roles in promoting tumor growth and metastasis.Id. One of the normal cells that supports cancer progression in thetumor microenvironment are T_(reg) cells.

T_(reg) cells down-regulate other immune cells, thereby playing animportant role in, for example, preventing autoimmunity. In the tumormicroenvironment, malignant cells can attract T_(reg) cells and increasethe local concentration of cytokines expressed by T_(reg) cell thatdown-regulate other immune cells. T_(reg) cells are induced andmaintained by immunoregulatory receptors, such as PD-1. T_(reg) cellsalso respond to homing signals within the inflamed tumormicroenvironment that include the endothelial cell surface protein,E-selectin, and the CXCR4 ligand, SDF-1. Using these pathways, thecancer cells use T_(reg) cells to prevent other immune cells fromattacking the cancer. Thus, although the immune system is often able toproduce a response against the malignancy, due at least in part to theinfluence of T_(reg) cells, this response is often insufficient toeliminate the tumor.

This realization led to the interest in blocking immunoregulatoryreceptors called checkpoint proteins on T cells. By blocking thecheckpoint proteins on T cells, the T cells are no longer able todown-regulate the rest of the immune response, and the immune cells areable to attack the malignant cancer cells. FDA approval has already beengranted to two of these immune checkpoint inhibitors, nivolumab(Opdivo®) and ipilimumab (Yervoy®). Nivolumab inhibits the activity of aprotein receptor called PD-1 on T cells and ipilimumab binds to acheckpoint protein on the surface of T cells called CTLA-4. These T-cellcheckpoint inhibiting drugs may be used in combination with standardcancer treatments, such as radiation therapy and chemotherapy.

The T-cell checkpoint inhibitors may be useful in treating cancer, butthe course of treatment is usually lengthy and there are severalside-effects. Furthermore, treatment with T-cell checkpoint inhibitorsonly target one aspect of the cancer cells' commandeering of the immunesystem—the inducement and maintenance of T_(reg) cells—and it does notaddress the recruitment of the T cells to the tumor microenvironment byE-selectin and/or SDF-1.

Accordingly, there is an unmet need for additional compositions andtreatments for suppressing T_(reg) cell function for the treatment ofcancer, in particular, compositions and treatments that address theE-selectin and/or SDF-1 related pathways. There is also an unmet needfor additional compositions and treatments for suppressing T_(reg) cellfunction for the treatment of other diseases, disorders, and/orconditions related to over-active or numerous T_(reg) cells, such asbacterial and viral infections including sepsis, septic conditions, andHIV infection.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

Those of ordinary skill in the art will understand that the drawings,described below, are for illustrative purposes only. The drawings arenot intended to limit the scope of the present teachings in any way.

FIG. 1 is a graph of the mean tumor growth, shown as mean tumor burdenin mm³, in 12 groups of experimental mice (control groups included aswell), with standard error.

FIG. 2 is a graph of the median tumor growth, shown as median tumorburden in mm³, in 12 groups of experimental mice (control groupsincluded as well), with standard error.

FIGS. 3A-D are graphs of the tumor growth of individual mice of group 1(saline control group, FIG. 3A); group 2 (GMI-1359 treatment, FIG. 3B);group 3 (isotype control antibody LTF-2, FIG. 3C); and group 4(anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment, FIG. 3D), shown as tumor burden in mm³and including control median and group median.

FIGS. 4A-D are graphs of the tumor growth of individual mice of group 5(GMI-1359 and LTF-2 antibody, FIG. 4A); group 6 (GMI-1359 and anti-PD-L1antibody treatment, FIG. 4B); group 7 (saline control, FIG. 4C); andgroup 8 (GMI-1359 treatment, FIG. 4D), shown as tumor burden in mm³ andincluding control median and group median.

FIGS. 5A-D are graphs of the tumor growth of individual mice of group 9(LTF-2 antibody, FIG. 5A); group 10 (anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment, FIG.5B); group 11 (GMI-1359 and LTF-2 antibody, FIG. 5C); and group 12(GMI-1359 and anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment, FIG. 5D), shown as tumorburden in mm³ and including control median and group median.

FIG. 6 is a graph of the percent mean body weight change for 12experimental groups (control groups included as well), with standarderror.

FIG. 7 is a graph of the percentage of CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells in tumorsfor the individuals in experimental groups 7 through 12.

FIG. 8 is a graph of the percentage of CD8⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells in tumorsfor the individuals in experimental groups 7 through 12.

FIG. 9 is a graph of the percentage of CD11b⁺/GR1⁺ cells in tumors forthe individuals in experimental groups 7 through 12.

FIG. 10 is a graph of the percentage of CD4⁺/CD25⁺/FoxP3⁺ cells (T_(reg)cells) in tumors for the individuals in experimental groups 7 through12.

FIG. 11 is a graph of the percentage of CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells inspleens for the individuals in experimental groups 7 through 12.

FIG. 12 is a graph of the percentage of CD8⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells inspleens for the individuals in experimental groups 7 through 12.

FIG. 13 is a graph of the percentage of CD11b⁺/GR1⁺ cells in spleens forthe individuals in experimental groups 7 through 12.

FIG. 14 is a graph of the percentage of CD4⁺/CD25⁺/FoxP3⁺ cells (T_(reg)cells) in spleens for the individuals in experimental groups 7 through12.

FIGS. 15A-C are representative scatter plots showing the T_(reg) cellsin tumors of an individual (mouse 5, group 10) treated with anti-PD-L1antibody treatment (FIG. 15A); an individual (mouse 5, group 11) treatedwith GMI-1359 and LTF-2 antibody (FIG. 15B); and an individual (mouse 5,group 12) treated with GMI-1359 and anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment (FIG.15C).

FIGS. 16A-B are representative scatter plots showing theCD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells in spleens of an individual (mouse 4, group 8)treated with GMI-1359 (FIG. 16A); and an individual (mouse 1, group 12)treated with GMI-1359 and anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment (FIG. 16B).

FIGS. 17A-B are representative scatter plots showing theCD8⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells in spleens of an individual (mouse 4, group 7)treated with saline (FIG. 17A); and an individual (mouse 3, group 10)anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment (FIG. 17B).

FIGS. 18A-C are representative scatter plots showing the CD11b⁺/GR1⁺cells in tumors of an individual (mouse 3, group 9) treated with LTF-2antibody treatment (FIG. 18A); an individual (mouse 3, group 12) treatedwith GMI-1359 and anti-PD-L1 antibody (FIG. 18B) and presenting with astable disease state; and an individual (mouse 4, group 12) treated withGMI-1359 and anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment (FIG. 15C) and presentingwith a progressive disease state.

FIG. 19 is a table of the toxicity and efficacy data for the 12treatment groups.

FIG. 20 is a comparison of the complete response (CR) rate and themedian days post treatment until to complete response for group 7(anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment alone) and group 12 (GMI-1359 andanti-PD-L1 antibody treatment combined).

FIG. 21 is a table showing the competitive binding activity (IC50) ofGMI-1359 against E-selectin and CXCR4.

FIG. 22 displays graphs of the percentages of CD4+, CD8+ and RegulatoryT cells in spleen and tumor tissue samples, in vivo, on study day 15, ineach treatment group.

FIG. 23 is a table that shows the ratio of CD8/regulatory T cells inspleen and tumor tissue samples, in vivo, on study day 5, in eachtreatment group.

FIG. 24A shows a mean tumor burden group comparison and response summarytable.

FIG. 24B is a graph that shows the number of days post tumor implant onthe x-axis, and the mean tumor burden (mm³) in each treatment group, onthe y-axis.

The terms defined below are more fully defined by reference to thespecification as a whole. While the terms used herein are believed to bewell understood by one of ordinary skill in the art, the definitionsincluded in this document are set forth to facilitate explanation of thepresently-disclosed subject matter.

Following long-standing patent law convention, the terms “a,” “an,” and“the” refer to “one or more” when used in this application, includingthe claims. Thus, for example, reference to “a cell” includes one cellor a plurality of cells, and so forth.

Throughout this disclosure, various embodiments can be presented in arange format. Numeric ranges are inclusive of the numbers defining therange. It should be understood that the description in range format ismerely for convenience and brevity and should not be construed as aninflexible limitation on the scope of the disclosure. Accordingly, thedescription of a range should be considered to have specificallydisclosed all the possible subranges as well as individual numericalvalues within that range. For example, description of a range, such asfrom 1 to 6, should be considered to have specifically disclosedsubranges, such as from 1 to 3, from 1 to 4, from 1 to 5, from 2 to 4,from 2 to 6, from 3 to 6 etc., as well as individual numbers within thatrange, for example, 1, 2, 2.7, 3.8, 4, 5.1, 5.3, and 6. This appliesregardless of the breadth of the range.

E-selectin (CD62E) is a cell adhesion molecule that is expressed onactivated endothelial cells and plays an important role in leukocyterecruitment to the site of injury. The terms “E-selectin inhibitor” or“E-selectin antagonist” and the like are used interchangeably and meanan agent that inhibits an activity of E-selectin or inhibits the bindingof E-selectin to one or more E-selectin ligands (which in turn mayinhibit a biological activity of E-selectin). The term “E-selectininhibitor” includes inhibitors of E-selectin only, as well as inhibitorsof E-selectin and either P-selectin or L-selectin, and inhibitors ofE-selectin, P-selectin, and L-selectin.

The term “non-glycomimetic moiety” includes moieties having a structurenot intended to mimic a carbohydrate molecule. A non-glycomimetic moietymay not be (and is typically not) active as an E selectin antagonist.Instead, non-glycomimetic moieties are generally moieties added to aglycomimetic moiety for purposes of altering at least one property, suchas solubility, bio-availability, lipophilicity and/or other drug-likeproperties of the glycomimetic.

“T_(reg) cells” are a subpopulation of T cells which modulate the immunesystem, maintain tolerance to self-antigens, and prevent autoimmunedisease. T_(reg) cells are immunosuppressive and generally suppress ordownregulate induction and proliferation of other T cells. T_(regs)cells express the biomarkers CD4, CD25, and FoxP3 (i.e., areCD4⁺/CD25⁺/FoxP3⁺).

T-cell checkpoints are molecules that need to be activated orinactivated to start an immune response. “T-cell checkpoint inhibitors,”“checkpoint inhibitors” or “immunoregulatory receptor blocks” are agentsthat prevent or inhibit the normal T-cell checkpoint operation andprevent an immune response. For example, PD-1 (cell death protein 1) isa checkpoint protein on T cells that is important in self-recognition.PD-1 usually prevents the T cells from attacking normal body cellsbecause normal body cells present the PD-L1 (the ligand that binds toPD-1). When the PD-1 checkpoint protein attaches to the PD-L1 protein ofa cell, the T cell does not attack that cell. As noted above, PD-L1 ispresent on normal cells, but some cancer cells have large amounts ofPD-L1, which helps them evade immune attack. A T-cell checkpointinhibitor may block the PD-L1 protein presented on the cancer cells (orit may block the PD-1 of the T-cells) to prevent the T-cell's PD-1 frombinding to the PD-L1. If the PD-1 and PD-L1 binding is blocked, theT-cell does not recognize the cell as “self,” and may attack the cell.Accordingly, a T-cell checkpoint inhibitor may assist the immune systemin attacking cancer cells that present PD-L1 proteins. Examples ofT-cell checkpoint inhibitors are known in the art, including anti-PD-1antibodies, anti-PD-L1 antibodies, and anti-CTLA4 antibodies.

The terms “patient,” “subject,” “individual,” and the like are usedinterchangeably herein, and refer to any animal, or cells thereofwhether in vitro or in situ, amenable to the methods described herein.In certain non-limiting embodiments, the patient, subject or individualis a human.

The term “therapy” refers to “treating” or “treatment” of a disease orcondition including inhibiting the disease (slowing or arresting itsdevelopment), providing relief from the symptoms or side-effects of thedisease (including palliative treatment), and relieving the disease(causing regression of the disease). “Therapy” may also refer toprophylactic treatment, which includes preventing or delaying the onsetof the disease or condition from occurring in a subject that may bepredisposed to the disease but does not yet experience or exhibitsymptoms of the disease.

As used herein, “together” is used to mean that the agents areadministered concurrently. They can be administered in the samecomposition or in separate compositions. In contrast to “together,”“sequentially” is used herein to mean that the gap between administeringone agent and the other is significant, i.e., the first administeredagent may no longer be present in the bloodstream in a therapeuticamount when the second agent and/or third agent is administered. Whenadministered sequentially, the compounds may be administered in anyorder (e.g., a T-cell checkpoint inhibitor administered first followedby an E-selectin inhibitor or an E-selectin inhibitor administered firstfollowed by an E-selectin inhibitor, etc.).

The term “treatment” means the slowing down, interruption, arrest,reversal or stoppage of the progression of the disease, which does notnecessarily require the complete elimination of all the signs andsymptoms of the disease. Furthermore, it is not necessary for thetreatment to show effectiveness in 100% of the patients treated, rather,the term “treatment” is intended to mean that a statisticallysignificant proportion of patients can be treated effectively, in such away that the symptoms and clinical signs show at least an improvement.The person skilled in the art can easily establish whether theproportion is statistically significant using various statisticalmethods (e.g. confidence intervals, determination of them p value,Students t-test, Mann-Whitney test etc.). Confidence intervals have aconfidence of at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 97%, at least 98% orat least 99%. The p values are 0.1, 0.05, 0.01, 0.005 or 0.0001.

In some embodiments, a method for treatment and/or prevention of atleast one disease, disorder, or condition is disclosed, the methodcomprising administering to a subject in need thereof (1) an effectiveamount of at least one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor and (2) an effectiveamount of at least one other inhibitor chosen from E-selectininhibitors, CXCR4 receptor inhibitors, and heterobifunctional inhibitorsthat comprise at least one E-selectin inhibitor linked to at least oneCXCR4 receptor inhibitor.

In some embodiments, at least one of (1) the at least one T-cellcheckpoint inhibitor and (2) the at least one other inhibitor is in theform of at least one pharmaceutical composition. In some embodiments,the at least one pharmaceutical composition further comprises at leastone pharmaceutically acceptable ingredient. In some embodiments, the atleast one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor is in the form of a firstpharmaceutical composition and the at least one other inhibitor is inthe form of a second pharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, a method for treatment and/or prevention of atleast one bacterial infection, viral infection, or condition relating toat least one bacterial or viral infection is disclosed, the methodcomprising administering to a subject in need thereof (1) an effectiveamount of at least one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor and an effectiveamount of at least one other inhibitor chosen from E-selectininhibitors, CXCR4 receptor inhibitors, and heterobifunctional inhibitorsthat comprise at least one E-selectin inhibitor linked to at least oneCXCR4 receptor inhibitor, and/or (2) an effective amount of at least onepharmaceutical composition comprising at least one T-cell checkpointinhibitor and at least one other inhibitor chosen from E-selectininhibitors, CXCR4 receptor inhibitors, and heterobifunctional inhibitorsthat comprise at least one E-selectin inhibitor linked to at least oneCXCR4 receptor inhibitor. In some embodiments, the infection is an HIVinfection. In some embodiments, the condition relating to a bacterial orviral infection is sepsis or septic conditions.

In some embodiments, a method for treatment and/or prevention of atleast one cancer is disclosed, the method comprising administering to asubject in need thereof (1) an effective amount of at least one T-cellcheckpoint inhibitor and an effective amount of at least one otherinhibitor chosen from E-selectin inhibitors, CXCR4 receptor inhibitors,and heterobifunctional inhibitors that comprise at least one E-selectininhibitor linked to at least one CXCR4 receptor inhibitor, and/or (2) aneffective amount of at least one pharmaceutical composition comprisingat least one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor and at least one otherinhibitor chosen from E-selectin inhibitors, CXCR4 receptor inhibitors,and heterobifunctional inhibitors that comprise at least one E-selectininhibitor linked to at least one CXCR4 receptor inhibitor.

In some embodiments, a method for treatment and/or prevention of atleast one disease, disorder, or condition in which suppression ofT_(reg) cells is desired, the method comprising administering to asubject in need thereof (1) an effective amount of at least one T-cellcheckpoint inhibitor and an effective amount of at least one otherinhibitor chosen from E-selectin inhibitors, CXCR4 receptor inhibitors,and heterobifunctional inhibitors that comprise at least one E-selectininhibitor linked to at least one CXCR4 receptor inhibitor, and/or (2) aneffective amount of at least one pharmaceutical composition comprisingat least one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor and at least one otherinhibitor chosen from E-selectin inhibitors, CXCR4 receptor inhibitors,and heterobifunctional inhibitors that comprise at least one E-selectininhibitor linked to at least one CXCR4 receptor inhibitor.

In some embodiments, a method for treatment and/or prevention of atleast one disease, disorder, or condition in which suppression ofT_(reg) cells is desired, the method comprising administering to asubject in need thereof (1) an effective amount of at least one T-cellcheckpoint inhibitor and an effective amount of at least one E-selectininhibitor and/or (2) an effective amount of at least one pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising at least one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor and atleast one E-selectin inhibitor.

In some embodiments, a method for treatment and/or prevention of atleast one disease, disorder, or condition in which suppression ofT_(reg) cells is desired, the method comprising administering to asubject in need thereof (1) an effective amount of at least one T-cellcheckpoint inhibitor and an effective amount of at least one CXCR4receptor inhibitor and/or (2) an effective amount of at least onepharmaceutical composition comprising at least one T-cell checkpointinhibitor and at least one CXCR4 receptor inhibitor.

In some embodiments, a method for treatment and/or prevention of atleast one disease, disorder, or condition in which suppression ofT_(reg) cells is desired, the method comprising administering to asubject in need thereof (1) an effective amount of at least one T-cellcheckpoint inhibitor and an effective amount of at least oneheterobifunctional inhibitor that comprises at least one E-selectininhibitor linked to at least one CXCR4 receptor inhibitor, and/or (2) aneffective amount of at least one pharmaceutical composition comprisingat least one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor and at least oneheterobifunctional inhibitor that comprises at least one E-selectininhibitor linked to at least one CXCR4 receptor inhibitor.

Any T-cell checkpoint inhibitor(s) can be used in the compositions andmethods disclosed herein. In some embodiments, the at least one T-cellcheckpoint inhibitor targets the PD-1 receptor and/or the CTLA-4 proteinon T_(reg) cells. In some embodiments, the at least one T-cellcheckpoint inhibitor is a PD-L1 inhibitor. In some embodiments, the atleast one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor is the anti-mPD-L1 antibody. Insome embodiments, the at least one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor is chosenfrom nivolumab and ipilimumab.

The E-selectin inhibitors, which include the at least one E-selectininhibitor herein, may be chosen from glycomimetics. In some embodiments,the E-selectin inhibitors are chosen from sialyl Lewis^(x) (sLe^(x)) andsLe^(x) mimetics. In some embodiments, the E-selectin inhibitors arechosen from small molecule glycomimetic antagonists of E-selectin,antibodies directed to E-selectin, aptamers to E-selectin, peptidesdirected to E-selectin, and peptidomimetics directed to E-selectin.

In some embodiments, the E-selectin inhibitors are chosen from compoundsof Formula (I):

isomers of Formula (I), tautomers of Formula (I), and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts of any of the foregoing, wherein:

R¹ is chosen from C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₈haloalkyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, and C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl groups;

R² is chosen from H, -M, and -L-M;

R³ is chosen from —OH, —NH₂, —OC(═O)Y¹, —NHC(═O)Y¹, and —NHC(═O)NHY¹groups, wherein Y¹ is chosen from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ haloalkenyl, C₂₋₈ haloalkynyl, C₆₋₁₈ aryl,and C₁₋₁₃ heteroaryl groups;

R⁴ is chosen from —OH and —NZ¹Z² groups, wherein Z¹ and Z², which may beidentical or different, are each independently chosen from H, C₁-C₈alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl,and C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl groups, wherein Z¹ and Z² may together form aring;

R⁵ is chosen from C₃-C₈ cycloalkyl groups;

R⁶ is chosen from —OH, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₈haloalkyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, and C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl groups;

R⁷ is chosen from —CH₂OH, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl,C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, and C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl groups;

R⁸ is chosen from C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₈haloalkyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, and C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl groups;

L is chosen from linker groups; and

M is a non-glycomimetic moiety chosen from polyethylene glycol,thiazolyl, chromenyl, —C(═O)NH(CH₂)₁₋₄NH₂, C₁₋₈ alkyl, and —C(═O)OY,wherein Y is chosen from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₂₋₄ alkenyl, and C₂₋₄ alkynylgroups.

As would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art, the phrase‘isomers of Formula (I), tautomers of Formula (I), and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts of any of the foregoing’ includes hydrates andsolvates.

In some embodiments, the E-selectin inhibitors are chosen from compoundsof Formula (I), wherein the non-glycomimetic moiety comprisespolyethylene glycol.

As used herein, “CXCR4 receptor inhibitors,” “CXCR4 chemokine receptorinhibitors,” “SDF-1 inhibitor,” or “SDF-1 antagonist,” and the like areused interchangeably and mean an agent inhibits the binding of thechemokine SDF-I to an SDF-I ligand (e.g., prevents the binding of SDF-Ito CXCR4). Such inhibitors will typically prevent the binding of stromalderived factor-1 (SDF-1) to a CXCR4 receptor. Examples of CXCR4chemokine receptor inhibitors are AMD-3100 (Hendrix et al., Antimicrob.Agents Chemother. 44:1667-1673, 2000); ALX40-4C (Doranz et al., AIDSResearch and Human Retroviruses 17:475-486, 2001); and T134 (Arakaki etal., J. Virol. 73:1719-1723, 1999). These examples include a smallorganic molecule and amino acid-based molecules, such as the T22peptide.

In some embodiments, the CXCR4 receptor inhibitors are chosen frompeptides, diketopiperazine mimetics, bicyclams, tetrahydroquinolines,thiazolylisothiourea derivatives, and benzodiazepines. In someembodiments, the CXCR4 receptor inhibitors are chosen from AMD-3100,ALX40-4C, T134, and T22 peptide.

In some embodiments, the heterobifunctional inhibitors are chosen fromcompounds of Formula (II):

isomers of Formula (II), tautomers of Formula (II), and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts of any of the foregoing, wherein:

R¹ is chosen from H, C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₈haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ haloalkenyl, and C₂₋₈ haloalkynyl groups;

-   -   R² is chosen from —OH, —NH₂, —OC(═O)Y¹, —NHC(═O)Y¹, and        —NHC(═O)NHY¹ groups, wherein Y¹ is chosen from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈        alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ haloalkenyl, C₂₋₈        haloalkynyl, C₆₋₁₈ aryl, and C₁₋₁₃ heteroaryl groups;

R³ is chosen from —CN, —CH₂CN, and —C(═O)Y² groups, wherein Y² is chosenfrom C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, —OZ¹, —NHOH, —NHOCH₃,—NHCN, and —NZ¹Z² groups, wherein Z¹ and Z², which may be identical ordifferent, are independently chosen from H, C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl,C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ haloalkenyl, and C₂₋₈ haloalkynylgroups, wherein Z¹ and Z² may together form a ring;

R⁴ is chosen from C₃₋₈ cycloalkyl groups;

R⁵ is independently chosen from H, halo, C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈alkynyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ haloalkenyl, and C₂₋₈ haloalkynyl groups;

n is chosen from integers ranging from 1 to 4; and

L is chosen from linker groups.

As would be recognized by one of ordinary skill in the art, the phrase‘isomers of Formula (II), tautomers of Formula (II), andpharmaceutically acceptable salts of any of the foregoing’ includeshydrates and solvates.

In some embodiments, the heterobifunctional inhibitors are chosen fromcompounds of Formula (IIa):

In some embodiments, the linker groups of Formula I and/or Formula IIare independently chosen from groups comprising spacer groups, suchspacer groups as, for example, —(CH₂)_(p)— and —O(CH₂)_(p)—, wherein pis chosen from integers ranging from 1 to 30. In some embodiments, p ischosen from integers ranging from 1 to 20. Other non-limiting examplesof spacer groups include carbonyl groups and carbonyl-containing groupssuch as, for example, amide groups. A non-limiting example of a spacergroup is

In some embodiments, the linker groups are independently chosen from

Other linker groups, such as, for example, polyethylene glycols (PEGs)and —C(═O)—NH—(CH₂)_(p)—C(═O)—NH—, wherein p is chosen from integersranging from 1 to 30, or wherein p is chosen from integers ranging from1 to 20, will be familiar to those of ordinary skill in the art and/orthose in possession of the present disclosure.

In some embodiments, at least one linker group is

In some embodiments, at least one linker group is

In some embodiments, at least one linker group is chosen from—C(═O)NH(CH₂)₂NH—, —CH₂NHCH₂—, and —C(═O)NHCH₂—. In some embodiments, atleast one linker group is —C(═O)NH(CH₂)₂NH—.

In some embodiments, the at least one E-selectin inhibitor is chosenfrom compounds of Formula (Ia):

wherein n is chosen from integers ranging from 1 to 100. In someembodiments, n is chosen from 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24, and 28.

In some embodiments, the E-selectin inhibitors are chosen fromE-selectin inhibitors disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 9,109,002, which ishereby incorporated by reference. In some embodiments, the E-selectininhibitor is GMI-1271. See, e.g., Price et al., “Dormant breast cancermicrometastases reside in specific bone marrow niches that regulatetheir transit to and from bone,” Science Translational Medicine, Vol.8(340), May 25, 2016, [DOI:10.1126/scitranslmed.aad4059]; Dutta et al.,“E-Selectin Inhibition Mitigates Splenic HSC Activation and Myelopoiesisin Hypercholesterolemic Mice With Myocardial Infarction”, ArteriosclerThromb Vasc Biol [DOI: 10.1161/ATVBAHA.116.307519]

In some embodiments, the heterobifunctional inhibitors are chosen fromcompounds of the following Formulae:

In some embodiments, the heterobifunctional inhibitors are chosen fromcompounds of the following Formulae:

In some embodiments, the heterobifunctional inhibitors are chosen fromheterobifunctional inhibitors disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 8,410,066 andPCT/US2015/063191, which are hereby incorporated by reference. In someembodiments, the heterobifunctional inhibitor is GMI-1359. See, e.g.,Steele, Maria M. et al., “A small molecule glycomimetic antagonist ofE-selectin and CXCR4 (GMI-1359) prevents pancreatic tumor metastasis andimproves chemotherapy [abstract],” Proceedings of the 106th AnnualMeeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2015 Apr.18-22, Philadelphia, Pa.; Philadelphia (Pa.): AACR, Cancer Res 2015,75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 425. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-425; Gravina,Giovanni L. et al., “Dual E-selectin and CXCR4 inhibition reduces tumorgrowth and increases the sensitivity to docetaxel in experimental bonemetastases of prostate cancer [abstract],” Proceedings of the 106thAnnual Meeting of the American Association for Cancer Research, 2015Apr. 18-22, Philadelphia, Pa.; Philadelphia (Pa.): AACR, Cancer Res2015, 75(15 Suppl):Abstract nr 428. doi:10.1158/1538-7445.AM2015-428,all of which are incorporated by reference.

In some embodiments, the at least one disease, disorder, or condition ischosen from cancers. In some embodiments, the cancers are chosen fromliquid cancers (e.g., MM, ALL, and AML) and solid cancers (e.g.,prostate cancer). In some embodiments, the cancers are chosen fromliquid cancers. In some embodiments, the cancers are chosen from solidcancers. In some embodiments, the subject is treated locally at a tumorof a solid cancer.

In some embodiments, the rate of increase of cancerous cells (e.g.,tumor growth or cancer cell proliferation) is reduced or halted. In someembodiments, the number of cancer cells is reduced. In some embodiments,the cancer cells are eliminated. In some embodiments, metastasis ofcancer cells reduced. In some embodiments, the metastasis of cancercells is halted. In some embodiments, infiltration of the cancer intobone marrow is reduced or halted.

In some embodiments, the subject has cancer and has received or willreceive chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. In some embodiments, thechemotherapy comprises administering a therapeutically effective amountof at least one compound chosen from platinum, cisplatin, carboplatin,oxaliplatin, mechlorethamine, cyclophosphamide, chlorambucil,azathioprine, mercaptopurine, vincristine, vinblastine, vinorelbine,vindesine, etoposide, teniposide, paclitaxel, docetaxel, irinotecan,topotecan, amsacrine, etoposide, etoposide phosphate, teniposide,5-fluorouracil (5-FU), leucovorin, methotrexate, gemcitabine, taxane,leucovorin, mitomycin C, tegafur-uracil, idarubicin, fludarabine,mitoxantrone, ifosfamide and doxorubicin.

In some embodiments, the chemotherapy comprises administration ofbortezomib. In some embodiments, the chemotherapy comprisesadministration of gemcitabine.

In some embodiments, the at least one disease, disorder, or condition ischosen from a bacterial infection, a viral infection, and a conditionrelating to a bacterial or viral infection. In some embodiments, theviral infection is an HIV infection and/or the patient has beendiagnosed with AIDS or an HIV-related illness. In some embodiments, thebacterial infection is sepsis and/or the subject has been diagnosed witha septic condition.

In some embodiments, the administration to the subject of at least oneT-cell checkpoint inhibitor and the at least one other inhibitorsuitably overlap so that the therapeutic effect of one agent (i.e. thetime period post use where a measurable benefit to the patient isobserved) is concurrent, at least at some point, with the period oftherapeutic effect of the second agent. In some embodiments, the atleast one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor and the at least one otherinhibitor are administered concurrently. In some embodiments, the atleast one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor and the at least one otherinhibitor are administered at the different times. In some embodiments,the at least one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor and the at least one otherinhibitor are administered sequentially.

In some embodiments, the at least one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor andthe at least one other inhibitor are administered in a singlepharmaceutical composition.

In some embodiments, the at least one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor andthe at least one other inhibitor are administered in separatepharmaceutical compositions.

In some embodiments, the pharmaceutical composition(s) further comprisesat least one additional pharmaceutically acceptable ingredient.

In pharmaceutical dosage forms, any one or more of the compounds of thepresent disclosure may be administered in the form of a pharmaceuticallyacceptable derivative, such as a salt, and/or it/they may also be usedalone and/or in appropriate association, as well as in combination, withother pharmaceutically active compounds.

An “effective amount” or “therapeutically effective amount” refers to anamount of a compound of the present disclosure or a compositioncomprising at least one such compound that, when administered to asubject, either as a single dose or as part of a series of doses, iseffective to produce at least one therapeutic effect. For example, inthe case of cancer, a therapeutic effect can be killing cancer cells,inducing apoptosis in cancer cells, reducing the growth rate of cancercells, reducing the incidence or number of metastases, reducing tumorsize, inhibiting tumor growth, reducing the blood supply to a tumor orcancer cells, promoting an immune response against cancer cells or atumor, preventing or inhibiting the progression of cancer, or increasingthe lifespan of a subject with cancer.

Optimal doses may generally be determined using experimental modelsand/or clinical trials. Design and execution of pre-clinical andclinical studies for each of the therapeutics (including whenadministered for prophylactic benefit) described herein are well withinthe skill of a person of ordinary skill in the relevant art. The optimaldose of a therapeutic may depend upon the body mass, weight, and/orblood volume of the subject. The minimum dose that is sufficient toprovide effective therapy may be used in some embodiments. Subjects maygenerally be monitored for therapeutic effectiveness using assayssuitable for the disease or condition being treated or prevented, whichassays will be familiar to those having ordinary skill in the art andare described herein. The level of a compound that is administered to asubject may be monitored by determining the level of the compound (or ametabolite of the compound) in a biological fluid, for example, in theblood, blood fraction (e.g., serum), and/or in the urine, and/or otherbiological sample from the subject. Any method practiced in the art todetect the compound, or metabolite thereof, may be used to measure thelevel of the compound during the course of a therapeutic regimen.

The dose of a compound described herein may depend upon the subject'scondition, that is, stage of the disease, severity of symptoms caused bythe disease, general health status, as well as age, gender, and weight,and other factors apparent to a person of ordinary skill in the medicalart. Similarly, the dose of the therapeutic for treating a disease ordisorder may be determined according to parameters understood by aperson of ordinary skill in the medical art.

Pharmaceutical compositions may be administered in any mannerappropriate to the disease or disorder to be treated as determined bypersons of ordinary skill in the medical arts. An appropriate dose and asuitable duration and frequency of administration will be determined bysuch factors as discussed herein, including the condition of thepatient, the type and severity of the patient's disease, the particularform of the active ingredient, and the method of administration. Ingeneral, an appropriate dose (or effective dose) and treatment regimenprovides the pharmaceutical composition(s) as described herein in anamount sufficient to provide therapeutic and/or prophylactic benefit(for example, an improved clinical outcome, such as more frequentcomplete or partial remissions, or longer disease-free and/or overallsurvival, or a lessening of symptom severity or other benefit asdescribed in detail above).

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein may be administered toa subject in need thereof by any one of several routes that effectivelydelivers an effective amount of the compound. Non-limiting suitableadministrative routes include topical, oral, nasal, intrathecal,enteral, buccal, sublingual, transdermal, rectal, vaginal, intraocular,subconjunctival, sublingual, and parenteral administration, includingsubcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular, intrastemal, intracavemous,intrameatal, and intraurethral injection and/or infusion.

The pharmaceutical composition described herein may be sterile aqueousor sterile non-aqueous solutions, suspensions or emulsions, and mayadditionally comprise at least one pharmaceutically acceptable excipient(i.e., a non-toxic material that does not interfere with the activity ofthe active ingredient). Such compositions may be in the form of a solid,liquid, or gas (aerosol). Alternatively, the compositions describedherein may be formulated as a lyophilizate, or compounds describedherein may be encapsulated within liposomes using technology known inthe art. The pharmaceutical compositions may further comprise at leastone additional pharmaceutically acceptable ingredient, which may bebiologically active or inactive. Non-limiting examples of suchingredients include buffers (e.g., neutral buffered saline or phosphatebuffered saline), carbohydrates (e.g., glucose, mannose, sucrose ordextrans), mannitol, proteins, polypeptides, amino acids (e.g.,glycine), antioxidants, chelating agents (e.g., EDTA and glutathione),stabilizers, dyes, flavoring agents, suspending agents, andpreservatives.

Any suitable excipient or carrier known to those of ordinary skill inthe art for use in pharmaceutical compositions may be employed in thecompositions described herein. Excipients for therapeutic use are wellknown, and are described, for example, in Remington: The Science andPractice of Pharmacy (Gennaro, 21^(st) Ed. Mack Pub. Co., Easton, Pa.(2005)). In general, the type of excipient is selected based on the modeof administration, as well as the chemical composition of the activeingredient(s). Pharmaceutical compositions may be formulated for theparticular mode of administration. For parenteral administration,pharmaceutical compositions may further comprise water, saline,alcohols, fats, waxes, and buffers. For oral administration,pharmaceutical compositions may further comprise at least one ingredientchosen, for example, from any of the aforementioned excipients, solidexcipients and carriers, such as mannitol, lactose, starch, magnesiumstearate, sodium saccharine, talcum, cellulose, kaolin, glycerin, starchdextrins, sodium alginate, carboxymethylcellulose, ethyl cellulose,glucose, sucrose, and magnesium carbonate.

The pharmaceutical compositions (e.g., for oral administration ordelivery by injection) may be in the form of a liquid. A liquidpharmaceutical composition may include, for example, at least one thefollowing: a sterile diluent such as water for injection, salinesolution, physiological saline, Ringer's solution, isotonic sodiumchloride, fixed oils that may serve as the solvent or suspending medium,polyethylene glycols, glycerin, propylene glycol or other solvents;antibacterial agents; antioxidants; chelating agents; buffers and agentsfor the adjustment of tonicity, such as sodium chloride or dextrose. Aparenteral preparation can be enclosed in ampoules, disposable syringesor multiple dose vials made of glass or plastic. In some embodiments,the pharmaceutical composition comprises physiological saline. In someembodiments, the pharmaceutical composition an injectable pharmaceuticalcomposition, and in some embodiments, the injectable pharmaceuticalcomposition is sterile.

For oral formulations, at least one of the compounds of the presentdisclosure can be used alone or in combination with at least oneadditive appropriate to make tablets, powders, granules and/or capsules,for example, those chosen from conventional additives, disintegrators,lubricants, diluents, buffering agents, moistening agents,preservatives, coloring agents, and flavoring agents. The pharmaceuticalcompositions may be formulated to include at least one buffering agent,which may provide for protection of the active ingredient from low pH ofthe gastric environment and/or an enteric coating. A pharmaceuticalcomposition may be formulated for oral delivery with at least oneflavoring agent, e.g., in a liquid, solid or semi-solid formulationand/or with an enteric coating.

Oral formulations may be provided as gelatin capsules, which may containthe active compound or biological along with powdered carriers. Similarcarriers and diluents may be used to make compressed tablets. Tabletsand capsules can be manufactured as sustained release products toprovide for continuous release of active ingredients over a period oftime. Compressed tablets can be sugar coated or film coated to mask anyunpleasant taste and protect the tablet from the atmosphere, or entericcoated for selective disintegration in the gastrointestinal tract.

A pharmaceutical composition may be formulated for sustained or slowrelease. Such compositions may generally be prepared using well knowntechnology and administered by, for example, oral, rectal orsubcutaneous implantation, or by implantation at the desired targetsite. Sustained-release formulations may contain the active therapeuticdispersed in a carrier matrix and/or contained within a reservoirsurrounded by a rate controlling membrane. Excipients for use withinsuch formulations are biocompatible, and may also be biodegradable; theformulation may also provide a relatively constant level of activecomponent release. The amount of active therapeutic contained within asustained release formulation depends upon the site of implantation, therate and expected duration of release, and the nature of the conditionto be treated or prevented.

The pharmaceutical compositions described herein can be formulated assuppositories by mixing with a variety of bases, such as emulsifyingbases or water-soluble bases. The pharmaceutical compositions may beprepared as aerosol formulations to be administered via inhalation. Thecompositions may be formulated into pressurized acceptable propellants,such as dichlorodifluoromethane, propane, nitrogen and the like.

The compounds of the present disclosure and pharmaceutical compositionscomprising these compounds may be administered topically (e.g., bytransdermal administration). Topical formulations may be in the form ofa transdermal patch, ointment, paste, lotion, cream, gel, and the like.Topical formulations may include one or more of a penetrating agent orenhancer (also call permeation enhancer), thickener, diluent,emulsifier, dispersing aid, or binder. Physical penetration enhancersinclude, for example, electrophoretic techniques, such as lontophoresis,use of ultrasound (or “phonophoresis”), and the like. Chemicalpenetration enhancers are agents administered either prior to, with, orimmediately following administration of the therapeutic, which increasethe permeability of the skin, particularly the stratum corneum, toprovide for enhanced penetration of the drug through the skin.Additional chemical and physical penetration enhancers are described in,for example, Transdermal Delivery of Drugs, A. F. Kydonieus (ED) 1987CRL Press; Percutaneous Penetration Enhancers, eds. Smith et al. (CRCPress, 1995); Lenneräs et al., J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 54:499-508 (2002);Karande et al., Pharm. Res. 19:655-60 (2002); Vaddi et al., Int. J.Pharm. 91:1639-51 (2002); Ventura et al., J. Drug Target 9:379-93(2001); Shokri et al., Int. J. Pharm. 228(1-2):99-107 (2001); Suzuki etal., Biol. Pharm. Bull. 24:698-700 (2001); Alberti et al., J. ControlRelease 71:319-27 (2001); Goldstein et al., Urology 57:301-5 (2001);Kiijavainen et al., Eur. J. Pharm. Sci. 10:97-102 (2000); and Tenjarlaet al., Int. J. Pharm. 192:147-58 (1999).

Routes of administration include, but are not limited to, intradermal,intramuscular, intraperitoneal, intravenous, intrathecal, andsubcutaneous routes. In some embodiments, the compounds or compositionsare administered locally (i.e., near a cancer tumor). In someembodiments, one or more of the compounds or compositions areadministered using different routes of administration.

The compounds or pharmaceutical composition(s) can be administered inone or more doses and treatment regimens, which may be the same ordifferent. In one embodiment, each of the compounds or pharmaceuticalcomposition(s) is administered in an amount ranging from about 1 mg/kgto about 50 mg/kg once a day. In other embodiments, the dosage may be atany dosage including, but not limited to, about 1 μg/kg, 25 μg/kg, 50μg/kg, 75 μg/kg, 100 μg/kg, 125 μg/kg, 150 μg/kg, 175 μg/kg, 200 μg/kg,225 μg/kg, 250 μg/kg, 275 μg/kg, 300 μg/kg, 325 μg/kg, 350 μg/kg, 375μg/kg, 400 μg/kg, 425 μg/kg, 450 μg/kg, 475 μg/kg, 500 μg/kg, 525 μg/kg,550 μg/kg, 575 μg/kg, 600 μg/kg, 625 μg/kg, 650 μg/kg, 675 μg/kg, 700μg/kg, 725 μg/kg, 750 μg/kg, 775 μg/kg, 800 μg/kg, 825 μg/kg, 850 μg/kg,875 μg/kg, 900 μg/kg, 925 μg/kg, 950 μg/kg, 975 μg/kg, 1 mg/kg, 2 mg/kg,3 mg/kg, 4 mg/kg, 5 mg/kg, 6 mg/kg, 7 mg/kg, 8 mg/kg, 9 mg/kg, or 10mg/kg.

In some embodiments, the compounds or pharmaceutical composition(s) areadministered in any of these amounts and ranges once a day, more thanonce a day, every other day, every two days, etc. In some embodiments,the at least one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor and the at least oneE-selectin inhibitor, CXCR4 receptor inhibitor, and/orheterobifunctional inhibitor, wherein an E-selectin inhibitor is linkedto a CXCR4 receptor inhibitor, are administered concurrently and/or inthe same number of treatments per day. In some embodiments, the at leastone T-cell checkpoint inhibitor and the at least one E-selectininhibitor, CXCR4 receptor inhibitor, and/or heterobifunctionalinhibitor, wherein an E-selectin inhibitor is linked to a CXCR4 receptorinhibitor, are administered on different schedules. One of moretreatment cycles may be repeated, and any number of cycles iscontemplated. The number of treatments per day and the amount per dosefor each compound or pharmaceutical composition may vary during eachcycle.

Kits comprising unit doses of at least one compound or pharmaceuticalcomposition of the present disclosure, for example, in oral orinjectable doses, are provided. Such kits may include a containercomprising the unit dose, an informational package insert describing theuse and attendant benefits of the therapeutic in treating thepathological condition of interest, and/or optionally an appliance ordevice for delivery of the at least one compound and/or pharmaceuticalcomposition comprising the same.

EXAMPLES Overview

The primary goal of the studies was to determine the anti-canceractivity of treatments comprising the administration of T-cellcheckpoint inhibitor with an E-selectin inhibitor and/or a CXCR4receptor inhibitor. The T-cell checkpoint inhibitor used was ananti-mPD-L1 antibody. Heterobifunctional inhibitor GMI-1359, aninhibitor of both E-selectins and CXCR4 receptors, was used.

The anti-cancer activity of an anti-mPD-L1 antibody (10F.9G2) andGMI-1359 was compared to a rat isotype control antibody againstindeterminate subcutaneous CT26.WT carcinoma xenografts in female Balb/cmice. An immune profile of each mouse was determined by sampling tumorsand spleens, staining for several markers of an active immune response,and detecting the levels of these markers via flow cytometry. Flowcytometry markers included: T-Cells (CD4⁺ and CD8⁺), Regulatory T-Cells(T_(regs)). (CD4⁺/CD25⁺/FoxP3⁺), MDSCs (CD11b⁺/Gr1⁺) and co-expressionof CCR7⁺ and CD62⁺ added to the existing CD4/CD8 panel.

Materials & Methods

Chemicals:

GMI-1359 (MW=1115 g/mol, Lot #50.279) was obtained as a pre-weighedcrystalline powder. Upon receipt, it was stored protected from light at−20° C. GMI-1359 was formulated in sterile saline. The vehicle (sterilesaline) was added to the pre-weighed compound to achieve a concentrationof 0.1 mg/ml. The formulation was then stirred overnight at 20° C. Thefinal dosing solution was clear and colorless with a pH of 9.99. Thedosing formulation was prepared fresh weekly and was stored protectedfrom light at 20° C. when not in use. Dose levels of GMI-1359 were givenas bulk drug substance.

InVivoMAb anti-KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2 (5.8 mg/ml, Lot #5535-3-6-7/0515)was obtained as a clear, colorless stock solution. Upon receipt, it wasstored protected from light at 4° C. The dosing solution was prepared bydiluting the stock solution with PBS (phosphate buffered saline) to afinal concentration of 1 mg/ml. The final dosing solution was clear andcolorless with a pH of 7.29. The dosing formulation was prepared onceweekly and was stored protected from light at 4° C. when not in use. Oneach dosing day, the dosing formulations were stored on ice prior to andduring dosing.

Anti-mPD-L1 (10F.9G2, 6.39 mg/ml, Lot #5592-4-6/0615) was obtained as aclear, colorless stock solution. Upon receipt, it was stored protectedfrom light at 4° C. The dosing solution was prepared by diluting thestock solution with PBS 1 mg/mi. The final dosing solution was clear andcolorless with a pH of 6.96. The formulation was prepared once weeklyand was stored protected from light at 4° C. when not in use. On eachdosing day, the dosing formulations were stored on ice prior to andduring dosing.

Animals and Husbandry:

Female Harlan Balb/c mice (BALB/cAnNHsd) were used in this study. Theywere 6-7 weeks old on Day 1 of the experiment. The animals were fedirradiated Harlan 2918.15 Rodent Diet and water ad libitum. Animals werehoused in static cages with Bed-O'Cobs™ bedding inside Biobubble® CleanRooms that provide H.E.P.A filtered air into the bubble environment at100 complete air changes per hour. All treatments, body weightdeterminations, and tumor measurements were carried out in the bubbleenvironment. The environment was controlled to a temperature range of70° t2F and a humidity range of 30-70%. All procedures carried out inthese experiments were conducted in compliance with all the laws,regulations and guidelines of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) inan AAALAC accredited facility.

Cell Preparation:

CT26.WT cells were grown in RPMI 1640 medium which was modified with 1mM Na pyruvate, 10 mM HEPES, 2.5 g/L glucose and supplemented with 10%nonheat-inactivated Fetal Bovine Serum (FBS) and 1% 100XPenicillin/Streptomycin/L-Glutamine (PSG). The growth environment wasmaintained in an incubator with a 5% CO2 atmosphere at 37° C.

When expansion was complete, the cells were trypsinized using 0.25%trypsin-EDTA solution. Following cell detachment, the trypsin wasinactivated by dilution with complete growth medium and any clumps ofcells were separated by pipetting. The cells were centrifuged at 200 rcffor 8 minutes at 4° C., the supernatant was aspirated, and the pelletwas re-suspended in cold Dulbecco's Phosphate Buffered Saline (DPBS) bypipetting. An aliquot of the homogeneous cell suspension was diluted ina trypan blue solution and counted using a Luna automated cell counter.The preimplantation cell viability was 92%. The cell suspension wascentrifuged at 200 rcf for 8 minutes at 4° C. The supernatant wasaspirated and the cell pellet was re-suspended in cold serum-free mediumto generate a final concentration of 2.50E+06 trypan-excluding cells/mi.The cell suspension was maintained on wet ice during implantation.Following implantation, an aliquot of the remaining cells was dilutedwith a trypan blue solution and counted to determine thepost-implantation cell viability (91%).

Test animals were implanted subcutaneously, high in the axilla (justunder the fore limb) on Day 0 with 5.00E+05 cells in 0.2 ml ofserum-free medium using a 27-gauge needle and syringe.

The following classification was used in the following experiments. Ofall the CD8⁺ cells the T_(naive) population was CD62hi CD44⁻; theT_(CM/SCM) population was CD62hi CD44⁺; and the TEM population was CD44⁺CD62⁻ population. An increase in the TCM/SCM mouse cell population wasobserved (see FIGS. 1 through 6).

Experimental Study Groups:

All mice were sorted into study groups based on body weights such thatthe mean body weights in each group was within 10% of the overall mean.Treatment began on Day 3.

Groups 1 and 7:

The Vehicle Control (saline) was dosed intraperitoneally, every day for20 days (Days 3-22) and every day for 12 days (Days 3-14) for Groups 1and 7, respectively.

Groups 2 and 8:

GMI-1359 was dosed intraperitoneally at 40 mg/kg, every day for 20 days(Days 3-22) and every day for 12 days (Days 3-14) for Groups 2 and 8,respectively.

Groups 3 and 9:

Anti-KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2 was dosed intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg,every 3 days for 2 treatments, with 3 days off for 2.5 weeks (Days 3, 6,10, 13 and 17) for Group 3. Group 9 was dosed intraperitoneally at 10mg/kg, every 3 days for 2 treatments, with 3 days off for 2 weeks (Days3, 6, 10 and 13).

Groups 4 and 10: Anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2 was dosed intraperitoneally at 10mg/kg, every 3 days for 2 treatments, with 3 days off for 2.5 weeks(Days 3, 6, 10, 13 and 17) for Group 4.

Group 10 was dosed intraperitoneally at 10 mg/kg, every 3 days for 2treatments, with 3 days off for 2 weeks (Days 3, 6, 10 and 13).

Groups 5 and 11:

GMI-1359 was dosed in combination with anti-KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTFintraperitoneally at 40 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg, respectively. In Group 5,GMI-1359 was dosed once a day for 20 days (Days 3-22) and anti-KLH; RatIgG2b was given every 3 days for 2 treatments, with 3 days off for 2.5weeks (Days 3, 6, 10, 13 and 17). In Group 11, GMI-1359 was dosed once aday for 12 days (Days 3-14) and anti-KLH; Rat IgG2b was dosed every 3days for 2 treatments, with 3 days off for 2 weeks and (Days 3, 6, 10and 13). On days when both compounds were dosed, GMI-1359 was givenfirst and then anti-KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF was given within minutesthereafter.

Groups 6 and 12: GMI-1359 and anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2 were dosed in acombination regimen intraperitoneally at 40 mg/kg and 10 mg/kg,respectively. In Group 6, GMI-1359 was dosed once a day for 20 days(Days 3-22) and anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2 was given every 3 days for 2treatments, with 3 days off for 2.5 weeks and (Days 3, 6, 10, 13, and17).

In Group 12, GMI-1359 was dosed once a day for 12 days (Days 3-14) andanti-mPD-L1 was dosed every 3 days for 2 treatments, with 3 days off for2 weeks (Days 3, 6, 10, and 13). On days in which both compounds weregiven, GMI-1359 was given first and anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2 was dosedwithin minutes thereafter.

All mice were dosed according to individual body weight on the day oftreatment (0.2 ml/20 g).

The toxicity and efficacy data for the various treatment groups ispresented in FIG. 19.

Sampling:

At 24 hours after the final dose of GMI-1359 (Day 15), all mice fromGroups 7-12 were euthanized for tumor and spleen collection. All micewere euthanized via over exposure to carbon dioxide. The tumors andspleens were excised and placed in a labeled 5 mL sampling tube filledwith cold PBS and placed on ice. The tumors and spleens were provided tothe Molecular Imaging's in vitro group for flow cytometric analysis.

Measurement and Endpoints:

Testing in this experiment was generally carried out adhering to thegeneral principles established by the groups of Schabel, Skipper,Griswold, Corbett, Leopold, Ross and the NCI (1-7). Tumor measurementswere recorded three times weekly. Tumor burden (mm³) was estimated fromcaliper measurements by the formula for the volume of a prolateellipsoid assuming unit density as: Tumor burden (mm³)=(L×W²)/2, where Land W are the respective orthogonal tumor length and width measurements(mm). Mean tumor burdens of each of the test groups are shown in FIG. 1.Median tumor burdens of each of the test groups are shown in FIG. 2.Tumor burdens for individuals in groups 1-4, as well as the group medianfor each of groups 1-4, are plotted in FIGS. 3A-D, respectively; tumorburdens for individuals in groups 5-8, as well as the group median foreach of groups 5-8, are plotted in FIGS. 4A-D, respectively; and tumorburdens for individuals in groups 9-12, as well as the group median foreach of groups 9-12, are plotted in FIGS. 5A-D, respectively. The mediantumor burden for the control group (i.e., the median for group 1(saline)) is also plotted in each of FIGS. 3A-D, 4A-D, and 5A-D forreference.

Animals with tumors in excess of 2000 mm³ were euthanized, as were thosefound in obvious distress or in a moribund condition. Treatment startedon day 3, when there were no measurable tumors, effectively preventinganalysis of tumor regressions. The nature of the therapies examinedsuggested that little or no on-target immune-based therapeutic effectwas likely prior to Day 10. For this reason, and because all of the micehad evident tumors, Day 9 was chosen as a tumor volume benchmark forwhich response characteristics were determined.

The primary endpoints used to evaluate efficacy were: Tumor growth delay(“T-C”), the number of tumor-free survivors at the end of the study, andthe Incidences of progressive disease, stable disease and regressingdisease. The mean tumor growth for each group, shown as mean tumorburden in mm³ for the 12 experimental groups is shown in FIG. 1. Themedian tumor growth for each group, shown as mean tumor burden in mm³for the 12 experimental groups is shown in FIG. 2.

Tumor Growth Delay (T-C) is the difference between the median times ittakes the treated and control groups to reach the stated evaluationsize. This is calculated from the median times to evaluation size foreach animal in the group, not from interpolation of the median growthcurve. Tumor growth delay results showing the statistically significantdelays for this study are provided in table 1.

TABLE 1 Tumor Growth Delay G1-Vehicle (Saline) G2-GMI-1359 NS G3-antiKLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2 NS NS G4-anti-mPD-L1 NS NS NS G5-GMI-1359 + antiKLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2 NS NS NS NS G6-GMI-1359 + anti-mPD-L1 NS NS NS NSNS G7-Vehicle (Saline) NS NS NS + NS + G8-GMI-1359 NS NS NS NS NS NS NSG9-anti KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2 NS NS NS + NS + NS NS G10-anti-mPD-L1 NSNS + + NS + NS NS NS G11-GMI-1359 + anti KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2 NS NSNS + NS + NS NS NS NS G12-GMI-1359 + anti-mPD-L1 NS NS + + NS + NS NS NSNS NS G1 G2 G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10 G11 G12 + = P < 0.05 NS =Nonsignificant

In this study, a therapeutic response was expected to require theactivation of an immune response which takes approximately 1-2 weeks. Atthe time of first treatment, tumor burdens were not evident. For thesereasons a Benchmark day (Day 9) was selected as the first day a responsecould theoretically have begun to occur. Growth and/or progression delaywere calculated from the first day of dosing. Other parameters such asprogression free survival and tumor doubling times were measured fromthe benchmark day.

An animal was coded as one with progressing disease if its tumor burdenincreased to ≥2 fold that on the benchmark day (Day 9).

The time from Day 9 to progression was used to estimate“progression-free survival.” A mouse was declared to have stabilizeddisease if its tumor burden failed to progress (defined above) for atleast 2 control group doubling times, and also failed to regress to lessthan 50% of the Day 9 burden.

Mice were coded as having regressing disease if their tumor burdendecreased less than 50% of that at Day 9.

Tumor doubling times were calculated for all mice with measurable tumorsstarting on Day 9.

Assessment of Side Effects:

All animals were observed for clinical signs at least once daily.Animals were weighed on each day of treatment. Individual body weightswere recorded 3 times weekly. Treatment-related weight loss in excess of20% was considered unacceptably toxic. In this report, a dosage level isdescribed as tolerated if treatment-related weight loss (during and twoweeks after treatment) is <20% and mortality during this period in theabsence of potentially lethal tumor burdens is ≤10%. FIG. 6 provides agraph of the percent mean body weight change for the 12 experimentalgroups. As indicated in FIG. 6 (and the Maximum Treatment Related WeightLoss column in FIG. 19 indicating that all subjects gained weight), thetreatments were all well-tolerated and no weight loss was observed.

Upon death or euthanasia, all animals were necropsied to provide ageneral assessment of potential cause of death and perhaps target organsfor toxicity. The presence or absence of metastases was also noted.Remarkable observations of clinical signs and necropsy findings weretabulated as well as individual and group toxicity findings.

Statistics:

The data were analyzed by the application of a one-way analysis ofvariance (ANOVA), with post-hoc analysis by the method of Shapiro-Wilk.In cases where the data did not pass testing for either normality orequal variance, a Kruskal-Wallis ANOVA by ranks was performed withpost-hoc analysis by the method of Dunn's. The statistical comparisonswere performed on the time to evaluation size (750 mm³).

Flow Cytometry Methods:

For tumor dissociation, the tumor was weighed and <1 g tissue wasprocessed according to Miltenyi Tumor Dissociation Protocol 2.2.1,Dissociation of soft tumors, before proceeding to the red blood celllysis.

For spleen dissociation, the plunger on a 3 mL syringe was used to crushthe spleen in 10 mL DPBS until organ was well broken up and the DPBSbecame cloudy with cells. The cell suspension was then filtered with a70 μm strainer on a 50 mL tube and washed with 20 mL DPBS. Thesuspension was then centrifuged for 7 minutes at 300 rcf and thesupernatant was discarded before proceeding the red blood cell lysis.

For the red blood cell lysis, each of the tumor and spleen samples werere-suspended in 3 mL ACK Lysis Buffer and then incubated for 5 minutesat room temperature. The suspension was diluted by adding 10 mL DPBS,and then the cells were collected via centrifugation for 5 minutes at300 rcf. The cells were again re-suspended in 30 mL DPBS and counted.The suspension was centrifuged again, and the supernatant was discardedbefore proceeding to the Fc block.

For the Fc block, each of the tumor and spleen samples were re-suspendedat 1E+06 cells per 100 μL in Flow Cytometry Staining buffer with 1 μL Fcblock per 1E+06 cells. The suspensions were incubated for 5 minutes atroom temperature, then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 300 rcf, and thesupernatant was removed before proceeding to surface staining.

For the surface staining, the following antibody dilutions wereprepared, 50 μL per reaction in Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer (exceptFoxP3):

T-Cells—Tumor: CD4 1:1000+CD8a 1:1000+5 μL CD197+5 μL CD62L

T-Cells—Spleen: CD4 1:2000+CD8a 1:2000+5 μL CD197+5 μL CD62L

CD11b & GR1—Tumor: CD11b 1:500+GR1 1:1000

CD11b & GR1—Spleen: CD11b 1:500+GR1 1:1000

PD-1—Tumor: 1:1000

PD-1—Spleen: 1:1000

PD-L1—Tumor: 1:250

PD-L1—Spleen: 1:500

CTLA-4—Tumor: 1:500

CTLA-4—Spleen: 1:500

CD8a & Ki67—Tumor: CD8a 1:1000+Ki67 1:1000

CD8a & Ki67—Spleen: CD8a 1:2000+Ki67 1:1000

CD4, CD25, & FoxP3—Tumor: CD4 1:1000+CD25 1:500; FoxP3: 1:500 inpermeabilization buffer

CD4, CD25, & FoxP3—Spleen: CD4 1:2000+CD25 1:500; 1. FoxP3: 1:500 inpermeabilization buffer

For surface staining, the tumor and spleen cells were re-suspended at1E+06 cells per 50 μL. Each of the 50 μL cell suspensions containing1E+06 cells was added to 50 μL antibodies diluted in staining buffer inround-bottom 96-well plate. The plate was incubated for 30 minutes inthe dark at room temperature on the orbital shaker, setting 2.5. Thesamples were diluted by adding 200 μL Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer andthen centrifuged for 5 minutes at 300 rcf. The supernatant was aspiratedand the cells were washed wash by re-suspending in 250 μL Flow CytometryStaining Buffer and spinning. If staining for intracellular markers,after washing, the sample was then prepared according to theintracellular staining procedure described below. The samples were thenre-suspended in 250 μL Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer and were ready forFlow Cytometry Analysis.

When staining for intracellular markers, following the wash step, thecells were re-suspended in 200 μL FoxP3 Fixation/Permeabilizationworking solution and incubated for 30 minutes in the dark at roomtemperature. The samples were then centrifuged at 400 rcf for 5 minutesat room temperature, then the supernatant was discarded. 200 μL 1×permeabilization buffer was added to each well. The samples werecentrifuged at 400 rcf for 5 minutes at room temperature, then thesupernatant was discarded. 200 μL 1× permeabilization buffer was addedto each well for a second time. The samples were again centrifuged at400 rcf for 5 minutes at room temperature, then the supernatant wasagain discarded. The cells were then re-suspended in 50 μLpermeabilization buffer and 50 μL 1× permeabilization buffer withanti-FoxP3 or Ki67 was added. The suspension was incubated for 60minutes in the dark at 4° C. The samples were diluted by adding 200 μL1× permeabilization buffer, and then centrifuged for 5 minutes at 400rcf. The supernatant was removed, the cells were washed with 250 μL FlowCytometry Staining Buffer per well, followed by centrifugation for 5 minat 400 rcf. The washing was repeated once (supernatant again removed,the cells washed with 250 μL Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer per well,followed by centrifugation for 5 min at 400 rcf). The cells werere-suspended in 250 μL Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer per well, and thesamples are ready for Flow Cytometry Analysis.

For the flow cytometry analysis, once the samples were prepared, the96-well plate is loaded into the Attune Autosampler. Several samples(from which no data were generated) were required to define theinstrument settings—these include unlabeled cells for voltageoptimization and gating, as well as fluorescence-minus-one controls tovalidate the gates. The workspace was customized, beginning with a sidescatter (SSC) versus forward scatter (FSC) dot plot and adding relevant“daughter” plots to display fluorescence data. This initial plot wasused to gate on live cells, live tumor cells, or live lymphocytes, andfurther analysis was performed on only the selected populations. Oncethe workspace was set up, the autosampler acquired data.

In order to generate a compensation matrix, AbC mouse/rat beads wereused. These beads contain two components: capture beads which bind tothe heavy chain of any antibody generated in their designated speciesand negative beads with no antibody binding capacity. The beads providevery strong positive and negative signals which can be used to calculatethe emission spillover between channels from fluorophores being used.

To begin, the AbC capture beads and negative beads were re-suspended byvortexing prior to use. For each fluorophore-conjugated antibody used, asample tube was prepared with 1 drop of the appropriate species-specificcapture beads and 50 μL antibody at the determined working dilution. Thesolution in the sample tube was mixed well and incubated for 15 minutesare room temperature in the dark. 3 mL Flow Cytometry Staining Bufferwas added to sample tubes to dilute antibody, and then centrifuged for 5minutes at 200 rcf. The supernatant was removed and the bead pellet wasre-suspended in 500 μL Flow Cytometry Staining Buffer. One drop ofnegative beads was added to each tube and mixed well. The samples werethen analyzed by flow cytometry.

FIGS. 7-14 provide graphs of the results of the flow cytometry analysisfor various markers tested in groups 7 through 12. The graphs alsocategorize each of the individuals in the groups as having progressivedisease, stable disease, or as a tumor-free survivor. FIG. 7 graphs thepercentage of CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells in tumors; FIG. 8 graphs thepercentage of CD8⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells in tumors; FIG. 9 graphs thepercentage of CD11b⁺/GR1⁺ cells in tumors; FIG. 10 graphs the percentageof CD4⁺/CD25⁺/FoxP3⁺ cells (T_(reg) cells) in tumors; FIG. 11 graphs thepercentage of CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells in spleens; FIG. 12 graphs thepercentage of CD8⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells in spleens; FIG. 13 graphs thepercentage of CD11b⁺/GR1⁺ cells in spleens; and FIG. 14 graphs thepercentage of CD4⁺/CD25⁺/FoxP3⁺ cells (T_(reg) cells) in spleens.

Experimental Glossary

Day 0—The day tumors are implanted into the animals (not to be confusedwith the first day of treatment which is always indicated relative toDay 0).

Evaluation size—The tumor burden (mm³) selected for calculation of tumorgrowth delay. The Evaluation Size is selected from the exponentialportion of the control tumor growth curve where the error of measurementtends to be minimal (usually between 500 and 1000 mm³).

Progressive Disease (PD)—An animal was credited with progressive diseasewhen within the time frame of the experiment there was a >2× increase intumor size when compared to the benchmark day. FIG. 19, PD column,discloses the percentage of the subjects within each group presentingwith progressive disease.

Stable Disease (SD)—An animal was credited with stable disease whenwithin the time frame of the experiment there is a period of time duringwhich the tumor never gets to >2× the size observed on the benchmark dayor never gets to less than 50% of the size vs the benchmark day. FIG.19, SD column, discloses the percentage of the subjects within eachgroup presenting with stable disease.

Tumor-Free Survivors (TFS)—Any animal with no measurable evidence ofdisease on the last day of the experiment. This value is exclusive ofCRs. FIG. 19, TFS column, discloses the percentage of the subjectswithin each group presenting as tumor free.

Rx Related Death—An animal is presumed to experience a treatment-relateddeath if it is found dead or is euthanized in moribund condition within2 weeks of the last treatment with a tumor burden less than half that ofthe smallest lethal tumor in the control group and shows no evidence ofinfection, mechanical dosing trauma, or other obvious causes ofmorbidity at necropsy. This is an individual toxicity parameter. Asshown in FIG. 19, Rx Related Death column, all of the treatments werewell tolerated as no individuals died or were euthanized as a result ofany treatment.

Tumor Doubling Time—The growth rate of the tumor expressed as the volumedoubling time (days). Calculated from a log-linear least squaresregression of the exponential portion of the tumor growth curve. Thesevalues are used to compute tumor cell kill, fractional effect, andsurviving fraction estimates. They are also used to assess theappropriateness of the biology of the tumor in this experiment againsthistorical values.

Therapeutic Index—We define therapeutic index as simply the range oftolerated dosage levels that produce substantial anticancer activity.Substantial activity for this purpose is defined as a tumor growth delaythat is ≥ the duration of treatment and that is also statisticallydifferent from the control at the P≤0.05 level.

Time to Evaluation Size—The time (days) it takes a tumor to reach thespecified Evaluation Size. Calculated from a log-linear least squaresbest fit of tumor burden versus time for the exponential portion of thefinal (post-treatment) tumor growth curve. This value is calculated forevery animal in the experiment. The group medians are then used tocalculate the Tumor Growth Delay. This is an individual efficacyparameter.

Tumor Burden at Last Rx—The tumor burden on the last day of treatment.This value is calculated from a log-linear least squares best fit oftumor burden versus time for the exponential portion of the final(post-treatment) tumor growth curve. (Presented to facilitate T/Ccomparisons.)

Example 1

A study was undertaken to evaluate anti-tumor effects, and thus,potential cancer treatments of at least one T-cell checkpoint inhibitorin combination with at least one E-selectin inhibitor and/or at leastone CXCR4 receptor inhibitor. In particular, this study investigatedanti-tumor effects of administering at least one anti-mPD-L1 immunecheckpoint inhibitor antibody and GMI-1359 as well as of administeringGMI-1359 alone. In addition, a preliminary examination of potentialchanges in immune cell endpoints was undertaken.

All mice were distributed into treatment groups at the time of implantprior to a tumor being established. All animals weighed 216.6 g at theinitiation of therapy. Mean group body weights for all animals at firsttreatment were well-matched (range 17.4-18.3 g). A tumor burden of 750mm³ was chosen for evaluation of efficacy by tumor growth delay.

Group 1, Vehicle (Saline), 0.2 mL/20_. QDx20: D3 Group 7. Vehicle(Saline), 0.2 mL/20 g, QDx12: D3

Between Days 21-30, all Group 1 control animals were euthanized via CO2inhalation due to tumor burden exceeding >2000 mm³. Necropsies wereperformed and the findings were: enlarged spleens (9/10), and whitestriated tissue located on the right ventricle (1/10). One mouse did nothave remarkable necropsy findings.

The median time to evaluation size was 15.9 days from the start ofdosing (Day 3) and the median post Day 9 tumor volume doubling time forGroup 1 was 3.1 days. There were no spontaneous regressions in thecontrol group and the take rate was 100%. All mice in the Control Groupwere identified with progressive disease. The median time to progressionwas on Day 11.6 and the progression free survival period was 2.6 days.

On Day 15 all Group 7 control animals were euthanized via CO2 inhalation24 hours post dose for tumor and spleen collection. Necropsies wereperformed and the following findings were noted: enlarged spleens, (3/5mice), enlarged uterine horn (1/5), white striated tissue located on theright ventricle (2/5). One mouse did not have any remarkable necropsyfindings.

The median time to evaluation size was 12.6 days and the median post Day9 tumor volume doubling time for Group 7 was 2.1 days. There were nospontaneous regressions in the control group and the take rate was 100%.All mice in the group were identified with progressive disease. Thesefindings indicate that Groups 1 and 7 were closely matched for tumorgrowth characteristics.

The average percentage of T-cells detected in the Group 7 tumors viaflow cytometry was 7.52% CD4⁺ cells and 23.83% CD8⁺ cells. There was anaverage of 4.14% myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and 3.37%regulatory T-cells (T_(regs)) in the tumors. The average percentages ofcells expressing PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 were 28.07%, 29.57%, and36.51%, respectively. Neither CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ nor CD8⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁻populations were detected in the tumor samples. The average percentageof CD4⁺ T-cells expressing both CCR7 and CD62L was 28.75% while theaverage percentage of CD4⁺ T-cells expressing CD62L but not CCR7 was25.54%. Within the CD8⁺ T-cell population, the average percentage ofCCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells was 26.47% while the percentage of CD8⁺ T-cellsexpressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 23.82%.

In the spleens of the Group 7 mice, an average of 12.62% of the cellswere CD4⁺ and 8.04% were CD8⁺. The average percentage of MDSCs was 2.95%and T_(reg) was 8.29%. The average percentages of cells expressing PD-1,PD-L1, and CTLA-4 were 4.17%, 82.74%, and 7.11%, respectively. Theaverage percentage of CD4⁺ T-cells expressing both CCR7 and CD62L was3.69%, expressing CCR7 but not CD62L was 33.57%, and expressing CD62Lbut not CCR7 was 8.06%.

Within the CD8⁺ T-cell population, the average percentage ofCCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells was 2.10%, expressing CCR7 but not CD62L was 29.49%,and expressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 6.04%.

Group 2, GMI-1359, 40 mg/kg, QDx20; D3/Group 8, GMI-1359, 40 mg/kg,QDx12: D3

In Group 2, treatment with GMI-1359 was well tolerated, resulting in notreatment-related mortality. No weight loss was associated withtreatment. Treated animals experienced a 16.8% mean weight gain duringthe treatment regimen. Between Days 18-49, all Group 2 animals wereeuthanized via CO2 inhalation due to tumor burden exceeding >2000 mm³.Necropsies findings were similar to those in vehicle treated mice(Groups 1 and 7).

In Group 8, treatment with GMI-1359 was well tolerated, resulting in notreatment-related mortality. No weight loss was associated withtreatment. Treated animals experienced a 7.0% mean weight gain duringthe treatment regimen. On Day 15, all Group 8 animals were euthanizedvia CO2 inhalation 24 hours post dose for tumor and spleen collection.Necropsies were unremarkable. These findings indicate that treatmentwith GMI-1359 was well tolerated and that Groups 2 and 8 were closelymatched for tolerance to treatment.

Group 3, anti-KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2, 10 mg/kg, (Q3Dx2: 3off)×2.5;D3/Group 9, anti-KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2, 10 mg/kg, (Q3Dx2: 3off)×2; D3

In Group 3, treatment with anti-KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2 was welltolerated, resulting in no treatment-related mortality. No weight losswas associated with treatment. Treated animals experienced a 9.7% meanweight gain during the treatment regimen. Between Days 18-37, all Group3 animals were euthanized via CO2 inhalation due to tumor burdenexceeding >2000 mm³. Necropsies were performed and the followingfindings were noted: enlarged spleens (10/10), and white striated tissuelocated on the right ventricle (1/10). One mouse had a non-weepingulcerated tumor.

In Group 9, treatment with anti-KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2 was also welltolerated, resulting in no treatment-related mortality. No weight losswas associated with treatment. Treated animals experienced a 9.3% meanweight gain during the treatment regimen. On Day 15, all Group 9 animalswere euthanized via CO2 inhalation 24 hours post dose for tumor andspleen collection. Necropsies were unremarkable.

These findings indicate that treatment with anti-KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2was well tolerated and that Groups 3 and 9 were well matched fortolerance to treatment with anti-KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2.

Group 4, anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2, 10 mg/kg, (Q3D×2: 3off)×2.5; D3/Group 10,anti-mPD-L1, 10F, 9G2, 10 mg/kg, (Q3D×2: 3off)×2; D3

In Group 4, treatment with anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2 was well tolerated,resulting in no treatment-related mortality. No weight loss wasassociated with treatment. Treated animals experienced a 10.1% meanweight gain during the treatment regimen. Between Days 23-37, Mice 1, 2,3, 4, 5 and 9 were euthanized via CO2 inhalation due to tumor burdenexceeding >2000 mm³. Necropsies were performed and the followingfindings were noted: enlarged spleens (6/10), enlarged uterine horn(3/10), and one mouse had a non-weeping ulcerated tumor.

Mice 6, 7, 8 and 10 were re-implanted subcutaneously (left, high axilla)on Day 44 post initial implant. On Day 81, Mice 6, 7, 8 and 10 wereeuthanized via CO2 inhalation per client request. Mice 8 and 10 enlargeduterine horns at necropsy. Necropsies of Mice 6 and 7 were unremarkable.

In Group 10, treatment with anti-mPD-L2, 10F.9G2 was also welltolerated, resulting in no treatment-related mortality. No weight losswas associated with treatment. Treated animals experienced a 1.6% meanweight gain during the treatment regimen. On Day 15, all Group 10animals were euthanized via CO2 inhalation 24 hours post dose for tumorand spleen collection. Necropsies were performed and the followingfindings were noted: enlarged uterine horn (3/5); and 1/5 mice was notedas having white striated tissue located on the right ventricle. Thesefindings indicate that treatment with anti-mPD-L2, 10F.9G2 was welltolerated and that Groups 4 and 10 were well matched with respect totolerance of the treatment regimen.

Group 5, GMI-1359+anti-KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2, 40+10 mg/kg, QD×20+(Q3D×2;3off)×2.5: D3/Group 11, GMI-1359+anti KLH: Rat IgG2b. LTF-2, 40+10mg/kg, QD×12+(Q3D×2: 3off)×2; D3

In Group 5, treatment with GMI-1359+anti KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2 was welltolerated, resulting in no treatment-related mortality. No weight losswas associated with treatment. Treated animals experienced a 16.7% meanweight gain during the treatment regimen. Between Days 16-28, all Group5 animals were euthanized via CO2 inhalation due to tumor burdenexceeding >2000 mm³. Necropsies were performed and the followingfindings were noted: enlarged spleens (10/10); white striated tissuelocated on the right ventricle (1/10); enlarged uterine horn (3/10); and2/10 mice were noted as having slightly discolored “black” intestines.

In Group 11, treatment with GMI-1359+anti KLH, Rat IgG2b, LTF-2 was alsowell tolerated, resulting in no treatment-related mortality. No weightloss was associated with treatment. Treated animals experienced a 3.5%mean weight gain during the treatment regimen. On Day 15, all Group 10animals were euthanized via CO2 inhalation 24 hours post dose for tumorand spleen collection. Necropsies were performed and the followingfindings were noted: enlarged spleen (1/5); enlarged uterine horn (2/5);white striated tissue located on the right ventricle (1/5); and 2/5 micewere noted as having no remarkable findings.

These findings indicate that treatment with GMI-1359+anti KLH, RatIgG2b, LTF-2 was well tolerated and that Groups 5 and 11 were wellmatched with respect to tolerance of the treatment regimen.

Group 6, GMI-1359+anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2, 40+10 mg/kg, QD×20+(Q3D×2:3off)×2.5; D3/Group 12, GMI-1359+anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2, 40+10 mg/kg,QD×12+(Q3D×2: 3off×2; D3

In Group 6, treatment with GMI-1359+anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2 was welltolerated, resulting in no treatment-related mortality. No weight losswas associated with treatment. Treated animals experienced a 9.5% meanweight gain during the treatment regimen. Between Days 18-37, Mice 1, 2,3, 5, 7 and 10 were euthanized via CO2 inhalation due to tumor burdenexceeding >2000 mm³. Necropsies were performed and the followingfindings were noted: enlarged spleens (6/10), alopecia on thenose/muzzle (2/10), non-weeping ulcerated tumors (2/10), and 4 micewithout remarkable findings. Mice 4, 6, 8, and 9 were re-implantedsubcutaneously (left, high axilla) on Day 44 post initial implant. OnDay 81, Mice 4, 6, 8, and 9 were euthanized via CO2 inhalation perclient request. Mice 4, 6, 8, and 9 had unremarkable necropsies.

In Group 12, treatment with GMI-1359+anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2 was welltolerated, resulting in no treatment-related mortality. No weight losswas associated with treatment. Treated animals experienced a 2.5% meanweight gain during the treatment regimen. On Day 15, all Group 10animals were euthanized via CO2 inhalation 24 hours post dose for tumorand spleen collection. Necropsies were unremarkable.

The findings indicate that combination therapy withGMI-1359+anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2 is well tolerated and that Groups 6 and 12were well matched in regard to tolerance of the treatment regimen.

Efficacy

Group 2, GMI-1359, 40 mg/kg, IP, QD×20; D3/Group 8, GMI-1359, 40 mg/kg,IP, QD×12; D3

In Group 2, the median time to evaluation size (750 mm³) was 18.4 daysfrom the start of dosing resulting in a tumor growth delay of 2.5 daysand the median post Day 9 tumor volume doubling time for Group 2 was 3.3days, essentially identical to the control tumor doubling time.Treatment with GMI-1359 produced no regressions or tumor free survivors.All mice were identified with progressive disease (100%). Treatment withGMI-1359 produced no regressions or tumor free survivors. All mice wereidentified with progressive disease (100%). The median time toevaluation size was 14.3 days and the median post Day 9 tumor volumedoubling time for Group 8 was 1.8 days. The median time to progressionwas on Day 14.5, and the progression free survival period was 5.5 days.

The average percentage of T-cells detected in the Group 8 tumors viaflow cytometry was 7.02% CD4⁺ cells and 15.61% CD8⁺ cells. There was anaverage of 2.66% myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and 2.93%regulatory T-cells (T_(regs)) in the tumors. The average percentages ofcells expressing PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 were 23.39%, 34.44%, and42.80%, respectively. Neither CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁻ nor CD8⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁻populations were detected in the tumor samples. The average percentageof CD4⁺ T-cells expressing both CCR7 and CD62L was 25.32% while theaverage percentage of cells expressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 31.43%.Within the CD8⁺ T-cell population, the average percentage ofCCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells was 25.84% while the percentage of CD8⁺ T-cellsexpressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 25.65%.

In the spleens of the Group 8 mice, an average of 13.43% of the cellswere CD4⁺ and 8.77% were CD8⁺. The average percentage of MDSCs was 3.70%and T_(regs) was 10.00%. The average percentages of cells expressingPD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 were 5.53%, 81.50%, and 12.31%, respectively.The average percentage of CD4⁺ T-cells expressing both CCR7 and CD62Lwas 2.05%, expressing CCR7 but not CD62L was 33.36%, and expressingCD62L but not CCR7 was 5.42%. Within the CD8⁺ T-cell population, theaverage percentage of CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells was 1.00%, expressingCCR7⁺/CD62L⁻ was 27.95%, and expressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 2.94%.

Group 3, anti-KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2, 10 mg/kg, (Q3D×2; 3off)×2.5;D3/Group 9, anti-KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2, 10 mg/kg, (Q3D×2; 3off)×2; D3

In Group 3, the median time to evaluation size (750 mm³) was 19.1 daysfrom the start of dosing resulting in a tumor growth delay of 3.2 daysand the median post Day 9 tumor volume doubling time for Group 3 was 3.2days. Treatment with anti KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2 produced no regressionsor tumor free survivors. All mice were identified with progressivedisease (100%). The median time to progression was on Day 12.4 and theprogression free survival period was 3.4 days. The results in Group 9were similar. However, one mouse never developed a tumor. A no-take wasdistinguishable from a response to treatment.

The average percentage of T-cells detected in the Group 9 tumors viaflow cytometry was 7.18% CD4⁺ cells and 19.99% CD8⁺ cells. There was anaverage of 3.14% myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and 6.81%regulatory T-cells (T_(regs)) in the tumors. The average percentages ofcells expressing PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 were 26.57%, 28.63%, and38.68%, respectively. Neither CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁻ nor CD8⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁻populations were detected in the tumor samples. The average percentageof CD4⁺ T-cells expressing both CCR7 and CD62L was 28.09% while theaverage percentage of cells expressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 31.62%.Within the CD8⁺ T-cell population, the average percentage ofCCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells was 23.50% while the percentage of CD8⁺ T-cellsexpressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 26.95%.

In the spleens of the Group 9 mice, an average of 15.00% of the cellswere CD4⁺ and 10.91% were CD8⁺. The average percentage of MDSCs was2.28% and T_(regs) was 10.88%. The average percentages of cellsexpressing PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 were 4.80%, 84.78%, and 8.46%,respectively. The average percentage of CD4⁺ T-cells expressing bothCCR7 and CD62L was 1.91%, expressing CCR7 but not CD62L was 37.23%, andexpressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 3.52%. Within the CD8⁺ T-cellpopulation, the average percentage of CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells was 0.77%,expressing CCR7 but not CD62L was 31.59%, and expressing CD62L but notCCR7 was 1.48%.

Group 4, anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2, 10 mg/kg, (Q3D×2; 3off)×2.5; D3/Group 10,anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2, 10 mg/kg, (Q3D×2; 3off)×2; D3

Treatment with anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2 was well-tolerated. The median timeto evaluation size (750 mm³) was >28 days from start of dosing resultingin a tumor growth delay of 11.7 days and the median post Day 9 tumorvolume doubling time for Group 4 was 4.2 days. Treatment produced a 60%incidence of progressive disease (in Mice 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 9) and a 40%incidence of regressing disease (Mice 6, 7, 8 and 10) which all resultedin tumor-free survivors. These mice were later re-challenged and neitherprimary nor re-challenged implants had any regrowth. The median time toprogression was on Day 12.8 and the progression free survival period was3.8 days.

In Group 10, response status was assigned based on substantiallyincreased tumor doubling time for responders. Euthanasia for samplingprevented an assessment of potential tumor regressions. Treatment withanti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2 produced a 20% incidence of progressive disease and80% stable disease. The median time to evaluation size was notdetermined because the sampling group came down for analysis. The medianpost Day 9 tumor volume doubling time for Group 10 was 8.1 days.

The average percentage of T-cells detected in the Group 10 tumors viaflow cytometry was 7.42% CD4⁺ cells and 15.52% CD8⁺ cells. There was anaverage of 2.69% myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and 1.69%regulatory T-cells (T_(regs)) in the tumors. The average percentages ofcells expressing PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 were 26.46%, 53.49%, and43.76%, respectively. Neither CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁻ nor CD8⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁻populations were detected in the tumor samples. The average percentageof CD4⁺ T-cells expressing both CCR7 and CD62L was 21.30% while theaverage percentage of cells expressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 34.21%.Within the CD8⁺ T-cell population, the average percentage ofCCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells was 21.98% while the percentage of CD8⁺ T-cellsexpressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 26.26%.

In the spleens of the Group 10 mice, an average of 12.80% of the cellswere CD4⁺ and 6.16% were CD8⁺. The average percentage of MDSCs was 1.62%and T_(regs) was 11.24%. The average percentages of cells expressingPD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 were 6.42%, 37.32%, and 17.15%, respectively.The average percentage of CD4⁺ T-cells expressing both CCR7 and CD62Lwas 13.00%, expressing CCR7 but not CD62L was 25.47%, and expressingCD62L but not CCR7 was 24.17%. Within the CD8⁺ T-cell population, theaverage percentage of CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells was 6.69%, expressing CCR7 butnot CD62L was 27.90%, and expressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 19.21%.

Group 5, GMI-1359+anti KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2, 40+10 mg/kg, QD×20+(Q3D×2;3off)×2.5; D3/Group 11, GMI-1359+anti KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2, 40+10mg/kg, QD×12+(Q3D×2; 3off)×2; D3

In Group 5, treatment with GMI-1359+anti KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2 waswell-tolerated. The median time to evaluation size (750 mm³) was 15.8days from the start of dosing resulting in a tumor growth delay of −0.1days and the median post Day 9 tumor volume doubling time for Group 5was 2.8 days. Treatment with GMI-1359+anti KLH; Rat IgG2b, LTF-2produced no regressions or tumor free survivors. All mice wereidentified with progressive disease (100%). The median time toprogression was on Day 11.2 and the progression free survival period was2.2 days.

Findings in Group 11 were similar. There were no regressions or tumorfree survivors. All mice were identified with progressive disease(100%). The median time to evaluation size was not determined becausethe sampling group came down for analysis. The median post Day 9 tumorvolume doubling time for Group 11 was 2.2 days.

The average percentage of T-cells detected in the Group 11 tumors viaflow cytometry was 5.25% CD4⁺ cells and 8.22% CD8⁺ cells. There was anaverage of 3.29% myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and 1.79%regulatory T-cells (T_(regs)) in the tumors. The average percentages ofcells expressing PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 were 25.85%, 55.52%, and53.54%, respectively. Neither CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁻ nor CD8⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁻populations were detected in the tumor samples. The average percentageof CD4⁺ T-cells expressing both CCR7 and CD62L was 24.14% while theaverage percentage of cells expressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 31.16%.Within the CD8⁺ T-cell population, the average percentage ofCCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells was 17.51% while the percentage of CD8⁺ T-cellsexpressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 23.27%.

In the spleens of the Group 11 mice, an average of 13.33% of the cellswere CD4⁺ and 9.06% were CD8⁺. The average percentage of MDSCs was 3.09%and T_(regs) was 11.14%. The average percentages of cells expressingPD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 were 8.18%, 84.00%, and 18.44%, respectively.The average percentage of CD4⁺ T-cells expressing both CCR7 and CD62Lwas 11.19%, expressing CCR7 but not CD62L was 31.45%, and expressingCD62L but not CCR7 was 17.33%. Within the CD8⁺ T-cell population, theaverage percentage of CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells was 5.68%, expressing CCR7 butnot CD62L was 35.85%, and expressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 11.18%.

Groups 6 and 12, GMI-1359+anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2, 40+10 mg/kg

In Group 6, the median time to evaluation size (750 mm³) was >29 daysfrom the start of dosing resulting in a tumor growth delay of 13.5 daysand the median post Day 9 tumor volume doubling time for Group 6 was 5.9days. Treatment with GMI-1359+anti-mPD-L1, 10F.9G2 produced a 60%incidence of progressive disease, and a 30% incidence of regressingdisease. Mice 4, 6, 8 and 9 were identified as tumor free survivors.Mouse 9 was unable to be identified as PD, SD, or RD because a tumornever became present and could be considered as a complete responder orin a rare incidence a no-take. The incidence of no-takes in controlgroups was 2% across 7 previous studies.

Response characteristics in Group 12 were similar. The median time toevaluation size was not determined because the sampling group came downfor analysis. The median post Day 9 tumor volume doubling time for Group12 was 3.7 days. The median time to progression was on Day 12.6 and theprogression free survival period was 3.6 days.

The average percentage of T-cells detected in the Group 12 tumors viaflow cytometry was 8.25% CD4⁺ cells and 16.98% CD8⁺ cells. There was anaverage of 4.38% myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) and 0.91%regulatory T-cells (T_(regs)) in the tumors. The average percentages ofcells expressing PD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 were 23.76%, 50.24%, and45.71%, respectively. Neither CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁻ nor CD8⁺/CCR7ICD62L⁻populations were detected in the tumor samples. The average percentageof CD4⁺ T-cells expressing both CCR7 and CD62L was 21.70% while theaverage percentage of cells expressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 25.84%.Within the CD8⁺ T-cell population, the average percentage of CCR7⁺/CD62Lcells was 20.24% while the percentage of CD8⁺ T-cells expressing CD62Lbut not CCR7 was 23.32%.

In the spleens of the Group 12 mice, an average of 12.33% of the cellswere CD4⁺ and 8.01% were CD8⁺. The average percentage of MDSCs was 2.22%and T_(regs) was 11.66%. The average percentages of cells expressingPD-1, PD-L1, and CTLA-4 were 9.23%, 47.91%, and 17.93%, respectively.The average percentage of CD4⁺ T-cells expressing both CCR7 and CD62Lwas 7.15%, expressing CCR7 but not CD62L was 32.54%, and expressingCD62L but not CCR7 was 12.52%. Within the CD8⁺ T-cell population, theaverage percentage of CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells was 2.77%, expressing CCR7 butnot CD62L was 35.65%, and expressing CD62L but not CCR7 was 6.36%.

FIG. 19, Tumor Growth Delay column, provides the results, in days, thateach treatment delayed tumor growth. Treatment with GMI-1359 alone didnot produce a statistically significant (p>0.05) anti-tumor effect andall animals were identified with progressive disease with a minimaltumor growth delay of 2.5 days. Treatment with anti-mPD-L1 as a singleagent produced a statistically significant (p<0.05) anti-tumor effectwhere 30% of the mice were identified as having regressing disease and40% as tumor free survivors with a median tumor growth delay of 11.7days.

Treatment with GMI-1359 in combination with anti-mPD-L1 also produced astatistically significant (p<0.05) anti-tumor effect vs. all groupswhere 30% of the mice were identified as having regressing disease and40% as tumor free survivors with a median tumor growth delay of 13.5days.

In Group 4 (anti-mPD-L1 alone) and Group 6 (GMI-1359+anti-mPD-L1) fourmice each were re-implanted subcutaneously (left, high axilla) on Day44. All re-challenged mice were held out to Day 81 when they wereeuthanized per client request as no re-growth occurred. That is, asindicated in FIG. 20, mice that achieved a complete response, even thosewith a quicker complete response due to the treatment combining bothGMI-1359 and anti-mPD-L1, rejected a subsequent challenge to CT-26.

Within the efficacy arms, there was a difference between the anti-mPD-L1monotherapy arm and the GMI-1359+anti-mPD-L1 combination arm. While theoverall response rate was the same, the mice in the combination groupdemonstrated an earlier response. Furthermore, mice in group 1 (salinecontrol) and group 2 (with single agent GMI-1359) were all identifiedwith progressive disease (see FIG. 19). In contrast, as shown in FIGS.19 and 20, treatment with anti-mPD-L1 alone (group 4) or in combinationwith GMI-1359 (group 6) produced a 40% complete response (CR), or tumorfree survivor (TFS), rate.

The median time to CR was shorter when anti-mPD-L1 was combined withGMI-1359 (group 6) compared to anti-mPD-L1 alone (group 4). As shown inFIG. 20, the median time to CR for treatment group 6, treated withanti-mPD-L1 was combined with GMI-1359, versus 23 days for group 4,treated with anti-mPD-L1 alone (p<0.0471). Evaluation of tumorinfiltrating cells showed that combination therapy with GMI-1359 andanti-mPD-L1 antibody (group 12) reduced the percentage of T_(reg)compared to treatment with saline (group 7), GMI-1359 (group 8), or theanti-mPD-L1 antibody (group 10) as single treatments (0.9% vs. 3.3%,2.9% and 1.9%, respectively (see FIG. 10)). No other T cell subsets wereaffected (see, e.g., FIGS. 7 and 8 (other T cells) as compared to FIG.10 (T_(reg) cells)). In spleens, the median percentage of T_(reg) wereunaffected by any of the treatments (see, e.g., FIG. 14) and suggestthat the reduction in intra-tumoral T_(reg) by combined treatment withanti-PD-L1 and the heterobifunctional E-selectin and CXCR4 receptorinhibitor GMI-1359 was an attenuated response to maintenance and homingsignals in the tumor microenvironment.

Within the CD4- and CD8-positive T cell population's expression of CCR7and CD6L, two lymph node homing molecules were investigated.Co-expression of CCR7 and CD62L is found on central memory T cells(TCM). The tumor lymphocytes were found to differ from the spleniclymphocytes in that, within the tumor, no CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁻ orCD8⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁻ populations could be found whereas, within the spleen,these populations were quite abundant.

Furthermore, the combination of GMI-1359 and anti-mPD-L1 treatmentsresulted in the lowest levels of T regulatory (T_(reg)) cells and theleast amount of intra-group variability in the data.

In both spleens and tumors, the CTLA-4⁺ population increased followingtreatment with anti-mPDL1 antibody. TIL CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ appear todecrease with anti-mPD-L1 or GMI-1359 and anti-mPD-L1 treatments. TILPD-L1 levels increase with anti-mPD-L1 alone, GMI-1359+isotype controland GMI-1359+anti-mPD-L1 treatments as compared to vehicle, GMI-1359alone, or isotype control alone, respectively. FIG. 7 provides a graphof the percentage of CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ in tumors for the individuals inexperimental groups 7-12, and FIG. 11 provides a graph of the percentageof CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ in the spleens of the individuals in experimentalgroups 7-12.

In the tumors, the average percentage of T_(reg) cells remained the samewhen the mice were treated with the anti-mPD-L1 antibody (see, e.g.,exemplary scatter plot for Group 10, FIG. 15A) or the GMI-1359 plus theisotype control antibody (see, e.g., exemplary scatter plot for Group11, FIG. 15B). However, when the mice were treated with a combination ofGMI-1359 and anti-mPD-L1 antibody (see, e.g., exemplary scatter plot forGroup 12, FIG. 15C), the average percentage of T_(reg) cells decreased.

More differences in markers between treatment groups were observed inthe spleens compared to the tumors. Treatment with the anti-mPD-L1antibody (Group 10), GMI-1359+isotype control antibody (Group 11), orthe combination of GMI-1359 and the anti-mPD-L1 antibody (Group 12)significantly increased the percentages of CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cellscompared to treatment with the vehicle (Group 1), GMI-1359 (Group 2), orthe isotype control antibody (Group 3), respectively.

As noted above, FIG. 16A is a representative scatter plot showing theCD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells in spleens of an individual (mouse 4, group 8)treated with GMI-1359. FIG. 16B is a representative scatter plot showingthe CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells in spleens of an individual (mouse 1, group12) treated with GMI-1359 and anti-PD-L1 antibody treatment. Thesegraphs indicate that GMI-1359 in combination with the isotype controlantibody affected the percentage of CD4⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells whileGMI-1359 as a single agent did not.

Differences between groups in the percentages of cells that wereCD8⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ were also detected in the spleens. FIG. 12 provides agraph of the percentage of CD8⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺ cells in the spleens inexperimental groups 7 through 12. When the mice were treated with theanti-mPD-L1 antibody (Group 10) or GMI-1359 together with the isotypecontrol antibody (Group 11) the average percentage of CD8⁺/CCR7⁺/CD62L⁺cells increased compared to the vehicle control (Group 7). FIG. 17Ashows a representative scatter plot of data from Mouse 4 in Group 7, andFIG. 17B shows a representative scatter plot of data from Mouse 3 inGroup 10. When the mice were grouped according to the state of thedisease and the percentages were dot-plotted in columns, the mice withstable disease in Group 12 had statistically significantly lowerpercentages of MDSCs than the mice with progressive disease (FIG. 13,providing a graph of the percentage of CD11b⁺/GR1⁺ (MDSCs) in Spleens ingroups 7-12). Representative scatter plots showing these differences areshown in FIGS. 18A-C. Mouse 3 from Group 9 (FIG. 18A) represents all ofthose from Group 9, Mouse 3 from Group 12 (FIG. 18B) represents thosemice from Group 12 with stable disease, and Mouse 4 from Group 12 (FIG.18C) represents those mice from Group 12 with progressive disease.

Example 2

FIG. 21 relates to an experiment carried out to determine thecompetitive binding activity (IC50) of GMI-1359 against E-selectin andCXCR4. GMI-1359 was assessed for inhibition of sialyl Le^(X) binding toimmobilized E-selectin and α-CXCR4 antibody binding to Raji cells.

The inhibition assay to screen GMI-1359 as an antagonist of E-selectinwas a competitive binding assay, which allowed the determination of IC₅₀values. Human E-selectin/Ig chimera was immobilized by incubation at 37°C. for 2 hour in 96-well microtiter plates. To reduce nonspecificbinding, BSA was added to each well and incubated at room temperaturefor 2 hours. After incubation with E-selectin/Ig chimera, the plate waswashed and serial dilutions of the test compounds were added to thewells in the presence of conjugates of biotinylated,sLe^(a)-polyacrylamide with streptavidin/horseradish peroxidase andincubated for 2 hours at room temperature. To determine the amount ofsLe^(a) bound to immobilized E-selectin after washing, the peroxidasesubstrate, 3,3′,5,5′ tetramethylbenzidin (TMB) was added. After 3minutes, the enzyme reaction was stopped by the addition of H₃PO₄, andthe absorbance of light at a wavelength of 450 nm was determined. Theabsorbance of light readings were plotted as a function of increasingconcentration of GMI-1359 using GraphPad Prism software, and theconcentration of GMI-1359 compound required to inhibit binding by 50%was determined and reported as the IC₅₀ value for GMI-1359.

The inhibition assay to screen GMI-1359 as an antagonist of CXCR4 was aflow based competitive binding assay, which allowed the determination ofIC₅ values. Raji cells (ATCC number TIB-152) were washed twice withHanks Balanced Saline Solution (HBSS) containing 0.05% bovine serumalbumin (BSA). After the second wash, the cells were resuspended toabout 2.5×10⁶ cells per mL and 80 μl of cells (approximately 2×10⁵cells) were added to BD 2063 tubes. Next, 10 μl of either GMI-1359 orHBSS/BSA (as a negative control) were added to the cells and the tubewas placed at room temperature for 10 minutes. Then, 10 μl of aphycoerythrin-conjugated anti-CXCR4 antibody (R&D Systems, FAB170P) oras a negative control, 10 μl of an isotype control antibody (R&DSystems, IC003P) was added to the cells with HBSS/BSA. The antibodieswere allowed to bind to the cells for 1 hour at 4° C. Next, 2 mL of coldHBSS/BSA were added to all the tubes, and the cells were pelleted bycentrifugation at 250×g for 10 minutes. The supernatants were discardedand the cell pellets were resuspended in 1 mL of HBSS/BSA. The cellswere pelleted again as before, suspended in 150 μl of HBSS/BSA and fixedby the addition of 150 μl of 2% formaldehyde. Binding of theanti-CXCR4-PE antibody to the cells was assessed by flow cytometry, andthe median fluorescent intensity was determined. The median fluorescentintensities were plotted as a function of increasing concentration ofGMI-1359 using GraphPad Prism software, and an IC50 (defined as theconcentration of GMI-1359 resulting in a 50% inhibition ofphycoerythrin-conjugated anti-CXCR4 antibody) was determined. As shownin FIG. 21, the results showed that the small molecule glycomimetic,GMI-1359, inhibits ligand binding to both E-selectin and CXCR4.

Example 3

FIG. 22 relates to an experiment carried out to determine percentages ofCD4+, CD8+, and Regulatory T cells (CD4+, FoxP3+, and CD25+) in spleenand tumor tissue samples, in vivo, on study day 15, from each treatmentgroup. Details of the experimental treatments for each of the groups areprovided above with respect to Example 1.

Twenty-four hours following the final dose of GMI-1359, five mice fromeach treatment group were euthanized and spleens and tumors wereprocessed for flow cytometry. Tumors were dissociated according toMiltenyi Dissociation Protocol for soft tumors. Single cell suspensionsfrom spleen were obtained by maceration.

The following cell determinants were assessed using fluorescentconjugated reagents for flow cytometry: rat anti-CD4 FITC conjugate,clone GK1.5, rat anti-CD8a APC-AlexaFluor 750 conjugate, rat anti-CD11bPE conjugate, clone M1/70.15, rat anti-CD25 PE conjugate, clone PC615.3, mouse anti-FoxP3 APC conjugate, clone 3G3, rat anti-GR1 (LY6C/G)APC conjugate, clone 1A8, rat anti-CD62L PE conjugate, clone MEL12-H2.100, hamster anti-CD152 (CTLA-4) PE conjugate, clone UC10-4F10-11,rat anti-CD279 (PD-1) FITC conjugate, clone RMPI-30, and rat anti-CD274(PD-L1, B7-H1) APC conjugate, clone 10F.9G2.

Once the samples were prepared, a 96-well plate was loaded into theAttune Autosampler. Several samples (from which no data were generated)were required to define the instrument settings—these include unlabeledcells for voltage optimization and gating, as well asfluorescence-minus-one controls to validate the gates. The workspace wascustomized, beginning with a side scatter (SSC) versus forward scatter(FSC). This initial plot was used to gate on live cells, live tumorcells, or live lymphocytes, and further analysis was performed on onlythe selected cell determinants. Data was acquired from either 250,000events or 180 μL, whichever threshold was reached first.

FIG. 22 shows the results for percentage of total CD4+ and CD8+lymphocytes and regulatory T cells.

Example 4

FIG. 23 relates to an experiment carried out to determine the ratio ofCD8/regulatory T cells in spleen and tumor tissue samples, in vivo, onday 15. Details of the experimental treatments for each of the groupsare provided above with respect to Example 1.

Twenty-four hours following the final dose of GMI-1359, five mice fromeach treatment group were euthanized and spleens and tumors wereprocessed for flow cytometry. Tumors were dissociated according toMiltenyi Dissociation Protocol for soft tumors. Single cell suspensionsfrom spleen were obtained by maceration.

The following cell determinants were assessed using fluorescentconjugated reagents for flow cytometry: rat anti-CD4 FITC conjugate,clone GK1.5, rat anti-CD8a APC-AlexaFluor 750 conjugate, rat anti-CD25PE conjugate, clone PC61 5.3, and mouse anti-FoxP3 APC conjugate, clone3G3.

Once the samples were prepared, a 96-well plate was loaded into theAttune Autosampler. Several samples (from which no data were generated)were required to define the instrument settings—these include unlabeledcells for voltage optimization and gating, as well asfluorescence-minus-one controls to validate the gates. The workspace wascustomized, beginning with a side scatter (SSC) versus forward scatter(FSC). This initial plot was used to gate on live cells, live tumorcells, or live lymphocytes, and further analysis was performed on onlythe selected cell determinants. Data was acquired from either 250,000events or 180 μL, whichever threshold was reached first.

The results showed that combination therapy with GMI-1359 and anti-PD-L1antibody reduced the percentage of intratumoral T_(reg) compared totreatment with saline, GMI-1359, or the anti-mPD-L1 antibody as singletreatments (0.9% vs. 3.3%, 2.9%, and 1.9%, respectively). No other Tcell subsets were affected. As shown in FIG. 23, reduction inintratumoral T_(reg) cells resulted in a more favorable increase in theratio of total CD8 T cells to T_(reg) cells. In spleens, the medianpercentage of T_(reg) cells were unaffected by any of the treatments,which suggests that the reduction in intratumoral T_(reg) cells bycombined treatment with anti-PD-L1 and GMI-1359 was an attenuatedresponse to maintenance and homing signals in the tumormicroenvironment.

Example 5

FIGS. 24A and 24B relate to an experiment carried out to compare themean tumor burden and the responsiveness to treatments in each group.Details of the experimental treatments for each of the groups areprovided above with respect to Example 1.

Tumor volumes were estimated from caliper measurements recorded threetimes weekly beginning at the start of treatment. Tumor burden (mm³) wascalculated by the formula for the volume of a prolate ellipsoid assumingunit density as: Tumor burden (mm³)=(L×W²)/2, where L and W are therespective orthogonal tumor length and width measurements (mm). Animalswith tumors in excess of 2000 mm³ were euthanized.

FIG. 24A shows the primary endpoints used to evaluate efficacy: tumorgrowth delay; the number of tumor-free survivors at the end of thestudy; the incidences of progressive disease, stable disease, andregressing disease; and the response. Additionally, FIG. 24B shows thenumber of days post tumor implant on the x-axis and the mean tumorburden (mm³) in each treatment group on the y-axis.

As shown in FIGS. 24A and 24B, all treatments of tumor-bearing mice werewell tolerated, resulting in no treatment-related mortality. Likewise,as shown in FIG. 24A, treatment with GMI-1359 in combination withanti-PD-L1 or anti-PD-L1 alone was associated with a tumor-growth delayof 13.5 and 11.7 days, respectively, and a 40% complete response rate.

The various embodiments described above can be combined to providefurther embodiments. All U.S. patents, U.S. patent applicationpublications, U.S. patent applications, non-U.S. patents, non-U.S.patent applications, and non-patent publications referred to in thisspecification and/or listed in the Application Data Sheet areincorporated herein by reference, in their entirety. Aspects of theembodiments can be modified, if necessary, to employ concepts of thevarious patents, applications, and publications to provide yet furtherembodiments.

These and other changes can be made to the embodiments in light of theabove-detailed description. In general, in the following claims, theterms used should not be construed to limit the claims to the specificembodiments disclosed in the specification and the claims, but should beconstrued to include all possible embodiments along with the full scopeof equivalents to which such claims are entitled. Accordingly, theclaims are not limited by the disclosure.

ARTICLES

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What is claimed is:
 1. A method for treating and/or preventing at leastone disease, disorder, or condition comprising administering to asubject in need thereof (1) an effective amount of at least one T-cellcheckpoint inhibitor, and (2) an effective amount of at least one otherinhibitor chosen from E-selectin inhibitors, CXCR4 receptor inhibitors,and heterobifunctional inhibitors that comprise at least one E-selectininhibitor linked to at least one CXCR4 receptor inhibitor.
 2. The methodof claim 1, wherein at least one of (1) the at least one T-cellcheckpoint inhibitor and (2) the at least one other inhibitor is in theform of at least one pharmaceutical composition.
 3. The method of claim1 or 2, wherein the at least one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor is in theform of a first pharmaceutical composition and the at least one otherinhibitor is in the form of a second pharmaceutical composition.
 4. Themethod of claim 2, wherein said at least one pharmaceutical compositionfurther comprises at least one pharmaceutically acceptable ingredient.5. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one other inhibitor ischosen from E-selectin inhibitors.
 6. The method of claim 1, whereinsaid at least one other inhibitor is chosen from CXCR4 receptorinhibitors.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein said at least one otherinhibitor is chosen from heterobifunctional inhibitors that comprise atleast one E-selectin inhibitor linked to at least one CXCR4 receptorinhibitor.
 8. The method of any preceding claims, wherein the at leastone T-cell checkpoint inhibitor targets the PD-1 receptor and/or theCTLA-4 protein on T_(reg) cells.
 9. The method of any of the precedingclaims, wherein the at least one T-cell checkpoint inhibitor is chosenfrom nivolumab and ipilimumab.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein theE-selectin inhibitors are chosen from sialyl Lewis^(x) (sLe^(x)) andsLe^(x) mimetics.
 11. The method of claim 1, wherein the E-selectininhibitors are chosen from small molecule glycomimetic antagonists ofE-selectin, antibodies directed to E-selectin, aptamers to E-selectin,peptides directed to E-selectin, and peptidomimetics directed toE-selectin.
 12. The method of claim 10, wherein the E-selectininhibitors are chosen from compounds of Formula (I):

isomers of Formula (I), tautomers of Formula (I), and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts of any of the foregoing, wherein: R¹ is chosen fromC₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₂-C₈haloalkenyl, and C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl groups; R² is chosen from H, -M, and-L-M; R³ is chosen from —OH, —NH₂, —OC(═O)Y¹, —NHC(═O)Y¹, and—NHC(═O)NHY¹ groups, wherein Y¹ is chosen from C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl,C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ haloalkenyl, C₂₋₈ haloalkynyl, C₆₋₁₈aryl, and C₁₋₁₃ heteroaryl groups; R⁴ is chosen from —OH and —NZ¹Z²groups, wherein Z¹ and Z², which may be identical or different, are eachindependently chosen from H, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl,C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, and C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl groups,wherein Z¹ and Z² may together form a ring; R⁵ is chosen from C₃-C₈cycloalkyl groups; R⁶ is chosen from —OH, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl,C₂-C₈ alkynyl, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, and C₂-C₈ haloalkynylgroups; R⁷ is chosen from —CH₂OH, C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈alkynyl, C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, and C₂-C₈ haloalkynylgroups; R⁸ is chosen from C₁-C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, C₂-C₈ alkynyl,C₁-C₈ haloalkyl, C₂-C₈ haloalkenyl, and C₂-C₈ haloalkynyl groups; L ischosen from linker groups; and M is a non-glycomimetic moiety chosenfrom polyethylene glycol, thiazolyl, chromenyl, —C(═O)NH(CH₂)₁₋₄NH₂,C₁₋₈ alkyl, and —C(═O)OY, wherein Y is chosen from C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₂₋₄alkenyl, and C₂₋₄ alkynyl groups.
 13. The method of claim 12, whereinthe E-selectin inhibitors are chosen from compounds of Formula (Ia):

wherein n is chosen from integers ranging from 1 to
 100. 14. The methodof claim 1, wherein the CXCR4 receptor inhibitors are chosen frompeptides, diketopiperazine mimetics, bicyclams, tetrahydroquinolines,thiazolylisothiourea derivatives, and benzodiazepines.
 15. The method ofclaim 1, wherein the CXCR4 receptor inhibitors are chosen from AMD-3100,ALX40-4C, T134, and T22 peptide.
 16. The method of claim 1, wherein theheterobifunctional inhibitors are chosen from compounds of Formula (II):

isomers of Formula (II), tautomers of Formula (II), and pharmaceuticallyacceptable salts of any of the foregoing, wherein: R¹ is chosen from H,C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈haloalkenyl, and C₂₋₈ haloalkynyl groups; R² is chosen from —OH, —NH₂,—OC(═O)Y¹, —NHC(═O)Y¹, and —NHC(═O)NHY¹ groups, wherein Y¹ is chosenfrom C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈haloalkenyl, C₂₋₈ haloalkynyl, C₆₋₁₈ aryl, and C₁₋₁₃ heteroaryl groups;R³ is chosen from —CN, —CH₂CN, and —C(═O)Y² groups, wherein Y² is chosenfrom C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, —OZ¹, —NHOH, —NHOCH₃,—NHCN, and —NZ¹Z² groups, wherein Z¹ and Z², which may be identical ordifferent, are independently chosen from H, C₁₋₈a alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl,C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ haloalkenyl, and C₂₋₈ haloalkynylgroups, wherein Z¹ and Z² may together form a ring; R⁴ is chosen fromC₃₋₈ cycloalkyl groups; R⁵ is independently chosen from H, halo, C₁₋₈alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₂₋₈ alkynyl, C₁₋₈ haloalkyl, C₂₋₈ haloalkenyl, andC₂₋₈ haloalkynyl groups; n is chosen from integers ranging from 1 to 4;and L is chosen from linker groups.
 17. The method of claim 1, whereinthe heterobifunctional inhibitors are chosen from compounds of Formula(IIa):


18. The method of claim 1, wherein the E-selectin inhibitor is GMI-1271.19. The method of claim 1, wherein the heterobifunctional inhibitor isGMI-1359.
 20. The method of any preceding claim, wherein the at leastone disease, disorder, or condition is chosen from cancers.
 21. Themethod of claim 20, wherein the cancers are liquid cancers.
 22. Themethod of claim 20, wherein the cancers are solid cancers.
 23. Themethod of claim 22, wherein the subject is treated locally at a tumor ofthe solid cancer.
 24. The method of any preceding claim, wherein thesubject has cancer and has received or will receive chemotherapy and/orradiotherapy.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein the chemotherapycomprises administering an effective amount of bortezomib and/orgemcitabine.
 26. The method of any of claims 1-19, wherein the at leastone disease, disorder, or condition is chosen from bacterial infections,viral infections, conditions relating at least one bacterial infection,and conditions relating to at least one viral infection.
 27. The methodof claim 26, wherein the at least one disease, disorder, or condition isan HIV infection.
 28. The method of claim 26, wherein the at least onedisease, disorder, or condition is sepsis.